History- Chapter 2

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Last updated 5:52 PM on 5/24/26
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17 Terms

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Archaeology
The study of the past from material remains.
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Artefacts
Objects made by humans.
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Prehistory
The story of the past before written sources.
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Excavate
To dig up the earth in search of historical artifacts.
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List three ways Archaeologists can find sites:

  • Chance Discoveries

  • Old Maps

  • Aerial Photography

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Geophysical survey
Using scientific instruments to find features under the ground (buildings, etc.).
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Rescue or salvage archaeology
Archaeological excavation undertaken before the construction of new developments such as roads or buildings.
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Aerial photography
Use of drones or aircraft to photograph features on the ground, you can find crop marks using this as well.
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Crop marks
Patterns in the way that crops grow that reveal underground features.
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Dendrochronology
Finding out the age of timber by studying its pattern of rings.
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Post hole
A darkened soil patch where timber has rotted away.
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Pollen
A powder produced by plants that help archaeologists find out what plants were growing when forests were cleared and farming spread.
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Radiocarbon (Carbon-14) dating
The technique used to date plants or animals by measuring the amount of carbon-14 left in them.
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Stratigraphy
A method of dating objects where the oldest layers are at the bottom and the younger layers are at the top.
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Survey
The examination and recording of an area and its features.
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Conservation
The protection and preservation of ancient objects so they don't decay.
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How do Archaeologists excavate sites

  1. Survey the site and draw an accurate plan of the area

  2. A grid of squares is mapped or laid out to record each of the finds accurately.

  3. Mechanical diggers can be used to take away topsoil

  4. Archaeologists dig the ground carefully, using spades and trowels.

  5. Archaeologists use brushes to clear around objects. Sieves are used to recover small artifacts.

  6. All artefacts, bones and plants are weighed and stored in separate bags, and are catalogued on a computer

  7. The finds are then sorted and investigated in a lab. Archaeologists have to date the objects as well.