Animal Health: DISEASES

Section 2 with Dr. MacDonald

SALMONELLOSIS: birds

SALMONELLOSIS: birds

Bacteria Genus → salmonella (s. typhimurium)

Transmission → fecal-oral

Effects → epizootics can cause high mortality

Zoonotic? → YES

Time Frame → often occurs winter/spring

• Clinical Signs:

  • lethargic

  • ruffled feathers

  • laboured breathing

  • swollen eyes

• Lesions:

  • swollen liver/spleen

  • yellow nodules in liver, spleen and/or muscle

  • yellowish plaques in esophagus

survivors can shed the infection

MYCOPLASMOSIS: birds

Bacterial → m. gallisepticum

Transmission → inhalation or contact (bird to bird or contaminated surfaces)

Zoonotic? → NO

Time Frame → winter

• Clinical Signs:

  • conjunctivitis

  • swollen eyes

  • weight loss

“finch conjunctivitis” - can be chronic and contribute to infectious sinusitis

TRICHOMONIASIS: birds

Parasitic → trichomonas gallinae

Transmission → contaminated food/water, infected prey, parent to nestling

Infection Sites → upper digestive tract, liver, lungs, air sacs, internal body lining, pancreas, bones, sinuses

Time Frame → winter

• Clinical Signs:

  • lethargy

  • lesions

  • difficulty swallowing/breathing

  • swollen neck

  • struggle to fly

  • fluffed feathers

  • wet/matted plumage

RUMEN ACIDOSIS: deer/elk

direct

• the change in rumen stomach flora

  • increases acid

  • rumen stasis

  • dehydration

  • acid damage

  • acid leakage

  • bacterial leakage

• symptoms:

  • recumbent

  • quiet

  • staggering

  • diarrhea

• caused by abrupt diet change

  • usually an introduction of low fibre-high carb food by hunters or trappers

    • natural diet is high fibre

• severity varies based on:

  • grain type

  • nutritional state of animal

  • previous exposures

• not transmissible

NO TREATMENT (can be fatal in 1-3 days)

BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS: deer/elk

Bacterial → mycobacterium bovis

Transmission → respiratory secretions, closes contact, contaminated feed, ingestion of infected carcasses

strong relationship between TB in deer and artificial feeding

CAN INFECT MOST MAMMALS

AVIAN INFLUENZA

Viral → influenza type A virus

• contagious

• major threat

• HPAI vs LPAV (type based on 2 viral proteins)

• Prevention:

  • biosecurity

    • structural

    • operational

  • watch for signs and report

• Treatment:

  • none

    • depopulate/cull/disinfect

HPAI: Avian Influenza

• Clinical Signs:

  • sudden death

  • decreased energy, appetite, egg production

  • swelling

  • discolouration

  • difficulty breathing

  • stumbling/falling

  • diarrhea

LPAI: Avian Influenza

• often none

• sometimes:

  • respiratory distress

  • decreased energy, appetite, and egg production

  • diarrhea

VIRULENT NEWCASTLE DISEASE: bird

Viral → avian paramyxovirus type 1

• contagious

• significant threat

• 3 forms

  • MILD = lentogenic

  • MODERATE = mesogenic

  • VIRULENT = velogenic

• Clinical Signs:

  • sudden death/increased deaths

  • decreased energy, appetite, egg production

  • swelling

  • difficulty breathing

  • ruffled feathers

  • tremors, drooped wings, stiffness

  • greenish diarrhea

• Prevention:

  • biosecurity

    • restrict traffic

    • disinfect personel,equipment/materials

    • avoid visits between farms

    • wash hands/boot covers

    • isolate/quarrantine moved or new birds

• Treatment:

  • none

    • isolation

    • depopulation

    • disinfection