Final CSDS 313

What are the two pleural linings of the lungs?

Visceral and parietal pleura.

What is the primary function of the pleural lining?

To create an airtight seal and allow smooth lung movement.

What analogy describes pleural linkage?

Wet glass plates sticking together.

Which muscles are active during quiet inhalation?

Diaphragm and external intercostals.

What percent of the breathing cycle is inhalation vs. exhalation at rest?

40% inhalation, 60% exhalation.

What percent of the breathing cycle is inhalation vs. exhalation during speech?

10% inhalation, 90% exhalation.

Why is speech exhalation active?

To control airflow for phonation.

What forces contribute to passive exhalation at rest?

Elasticity, torque, and gravity.

How does posture influence respiration?

Upright posture improves respiratory efficiency.

What controls loudness during speech?

Activity of inhalation and exhalation muscles.

What does Boyle's Law state?

Pressure and volume are inversely related.

What happens to lung pressure during inhalation?

Pressure decreases as volume increases.

What happens to lung pressure during exhalation?

Pressure increases as volume decreases.

What does Newton's 3rd Law explain in breathing?

Air moves from high to low pressure.

What three additional forces affect respiration?

Torque, elasticity, and gravity.

What is torque in respiration?

Rib rotation force enabling inhalation expansion.

What are the seven components of the laryngeal framework?

Hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoids, corniculates, cuneiforms, epiglottis.

What is the biological function of the larynx?

Airway protection through coughing and clearing.

What is the non-biological function of the larynx?

Phonation (voice production).

What does the hyoid bone do?

Suspends the larynx and anchors tongue muscles.

What are the two processes of the arytenoid cartilages?

Vocal process and muscular process.

What cartilage forms the base of the larynx?

The cricoid cartilage.

What does the hyothyroid membrane connect?

The hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage.

What does the hyoepiglottic ligament do?

Attaches and stabilizes the epiglottis.

What does the cricotracheal ligament connect?

The cricoid cartilage to the first tracheal ring.

What structures does the conus elasticus connect?

Cricoid cartilage to the vocal folds.

What is the quadrangular membrane?

A membrane connecting the epiglottis to arytenoids.

What are the aryepiglottic folds?

Folds forming the upper laryngeal boundary aiding airway protection.

What is the function of the vocal ligament?

Provides stiffness and structure to vocal folds.

What motion occurs at the cricoarytenoid joint?

Adduction and abduction of the vocal folds.

What is the function of the cricothyroid joint?

Adjusts vocal fold tension to change pitch.

Where is the vestibule located?

Between the aditus and ventricular folds.

What is the laryngeal ventricle?

Space between the false and true vocal folds.

What is the glottis?

Opening between vocal folds responsible for phonation.

What are the pyriform sinuses?

Spaces lateral to the larynx important in swallowing.

Where is the vallecula located?

Between the base of the tongue and epiglottis.

How might pleural damage (like pneumothorax) affect speech?

Loss of pleural seal collapses lung → no breath support.

Why do SLPs train breath support?

Strengthens respiratory control for better voice quality.

How does CP (cerebral palsy) affect respiration for speech?

Poor coordination reduces timing and airflow.

How does reduced elasticity (e.g., COPD) affect communication?

Difficulty exhaling limits breath support.

Why must SLPs understand intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

Disorders cause dysphonia or weak voice.

Why is the cricothyroid muscle important clinically?

It regulates pitch—critical in voice assessment.

How can aryepiglottic fold dysfunction affect swallowing?

Reduced airway protection increases aspiration risk.

Why should audiologists understand respiration?

Respiratory weakness reduces loudness and clarity, affecting hearing assessments.

How does vocal fold paralysis impact communication?

Limited adduction/abduction causes breathy or strained voice.

What bones do the craniofacial skeleton make up?

facial and skull muscles

How many bones are a part of the craniofacial skeleton?

22

What are the pair bones in the facial skeleton?

Moms never play lacrosse

Maxillae

Nasal Bones

Palatine

Lacrimal

What is the mandible?

The lower jaw. Helps with articulation and mastication.

What does fighting parents on TV mean?

The bones of the cranial skeleton.

• Frontal

Parietal Bone

Occipital Bone

Temporal Bone

CS: How does head trauma affect the human functions?

People may have the brain damage that will affect daily life from, executive functioning, sensory and more.

TMJ

The temporomandibular joint that is synovial or diarthrodial. Ball and socket joint allows a lot of movement.

What type of head bone is synarthrodial?

The cranium

What is the alveolar process?

The process that houses the teeth, a part of the maxillae.

The four processes of the maxillae (zoos are playing flamingos)

Zygomatic process, alveolar process, palatine process, and frontal process.

CS: Cleft palate impact

The hard palate (bone) is affected. It is a hole that can affect teeth, speech ability and eating.

CS: Pediatric Eustachian Tube Risk

High risk for hearing loss and mastoiditis.

What do the palatine bones make up?

The posterior part of nasal cavity, and a landmark for the posterior nasal spine.

What are the lacrimal bones?

They are bones located in the orbit of the eyes.

What is the inferior nasal conchae?

It is a small bone in the nasal bone and helps lighten the weight of the skull.

What does the vomer do?

It helps divide the nose into left and right halves.

How many facial bones are there?

16

How many cranium bones are there?

8

How many craniofacial bones are there?

22

What does velopharyngeal mean?

The soft palate and pharynx connection.

Resonance definition: SLP

It will maintain the balance between energy that is in the oral cavity and the cavity.

Hypernasality

Too much energy in the nasal cavity, tilting tonsils can help.

Hyponasality

To little energy in the nasal cavity.

There are two types of velopharyngeal muscle.

Palatal muscles

pharyngeal muscles

what is dysplasia?

not enough muscle tissues

palatal muscles (5) Tisha Likes My Pretty Puppy

Tensor Veli Palatini

Levator Veli Palatini

Muscular Uvula

Palatoglossus

Palatopharyngeal

what do the muscles of the soft palate do as a whole?

move the soft palate. (elevate/depress)

Tensor Veli Palatini

O: sphenoid bone

I: blends with other muscles

F: Stiff palate to close and allows air into middle ear.

Levator Veli Palatini

Large chunk of the velum

O: Temporal Bone

I: Velum

F: close soft palate

What does disrupted clefting result in?

Nasal Regurgitation and it affects the resonance.

Musculus Uvula

O: Post Nasal Spine

I: Into each other

F: closes the soft palate

palatoglossus

o soft palate

i sides of tongue

f makes tongue go into trough and opens the soft palate

Palatopharyngeus

o soft palate