TOPIC 1

Organizational Behavior

study of individual and group behavior within organizational settings

Multidisciplinary nature

psychology,

sociology,

management,

anthropology

Three levels of analysis

individual,

group,

organizational

Psychology

Individual behavior, motivation, perception

Sociology

Group behavior, teamwork

Anthropology

Organizational culture

Management

Strategy, structure

Individual level

motivations, personality, job satisfaction

Group level

teams, leadership, communication, group processes

Organization

structure, systems,culture, strategy

Organizational Culture

shared values, beliefs, and norms

Layers of Culture (Edgar Schein)

Artifacts

Values

Basic Assumptions

Artifacts

visible elements (logo,dress code, layout of office)

Values

declared norms (mission statement, core values)

Basic Assumptions

deeply ingrained beliefs (e.g., “Customers always come first”)

Functions of Culture

Creates a sense of identity

Drives commitment

Enhances social stability

Shapes employee behavior

Organizational structure

defines how job tasks are divided, grouped , and coordinated

Functional

Based on specialized functions

ex. Marketing Dept, Finance Dept

Divisional

Based on products or geography

ex. Asia Division vs Europe Division

Matrix

Combination of functional & divisional

ex. Engineers report to Project Manager and Functional Head

Flat

Few levels, wide span

ex. startups

Network

Outsources functions to other firms

ex. Virtual organizations

Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles:

Interpersonal

Informational

Decisional

Interpersonal

leader, liaison

Informational

monitor, spokesperson

Decisional

entrepreneur, negotiator

Contingency Perspective

best solution depends on the situation

ex. Autocratic leadership may be effective during crisis but not in creative industries

Systems Perspective

organization is an open system interacting with its environment (inputs→processes→outputs→feedback)

Effectiveness

doing the right things

Efficiency

doing things right

Productivity

output/input ratio

Adaptability

Ability to respond to changes

Flexibility

Ability to adjust internal processes

Development

Growth and improvement of employees

Demographic diversity

Age, gender, ethnicity

Functional diversity

ex. Marketing vs Engineering

Cognitive diversity

Ways of thinking or problem-solving

Cultural Intelligence (CQ)

Knowledge about other cultures

Ability to adapt behavior in different environments