Anatomy Introduction and Osteology Review

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering the history of anatomy, directional terminology, anatomical planes, joint movements, and the skeletal systems of the upper limb, lower limb, and axial skeleton based on the provided lecture notes.

Anatomy

The branch of science that studies the normal structure of the human body, its organs, their locations, and the relationships between them.

Hippocrates

Known as the Father of Medicine, he was born on the island of Kos between $B.C. 469-399$ and is famous for the saying "Primum nihil nocere" (First do no harm).

Herophilus

Considered the first anatomist, he was born in Kadıky and initiated real dissection, including live dissections on prisoners.

Andreas Vesalius

Considered the "Father of Anatomy," his work "De Humani Corporis Fabrica," published in $1543$, was used as a textbook in European countries for many years.

Ibn-i Sina (Avicenna)

A Turkish and Arabic scientist whose book "el-Kanun fi't-Tıbb" (The Law of Medicine) served as a textbook in the West for $400$ years.

Anatomical Position

The standard reference position where the body is standing upright, feet together, hands at the sides with palms facing forward, and facial expression neutral.

Median Plane

Also called the mid-sagittal plane, this vertical plane passes through the body's center, longitudinally dividing it into equal right and left halves.

Proximal

A directional term meaning closer to the trunk or the location of a body part's origin.

Distal

A directional term meaning away from the trunk or the location of a body part's origin.

Flexion

A movement involving decreasing the angle formed by two structures.

Osteoblasts

Bone cells derived from osteogenic cells that are responsible for bone formation by secreting the matrix components.

Osteoclasts

Bone-resorbing cells that participate in the breakdown of bone tissue.

Periosteum

A fibrous membrane, also known as a fibrovascular osteogenic membrane, that surrounds the bone.

Bone Matrix Composition

The intercellular substance containing $15-20\%$ water, $30-40\%$ collagen protein, and $50-60\%$ inorganic mineral salts like calcium hydroxyapatite.

Sesamoid Bones

Small, flat, round, or oval bones embedded within tendons to provide reinforcement and reduce stress, such as the patella.

Appendicular Skeleton

The portion of the skeleton consisting of $126$ bones, including the upper extremity ($64$ bones) and lower extremity ($62$ bones).

Clavicle

An S-shaped bone approximately $15-17\,cm$ long that connects the upper extremity to the trunk; it is the most commonly fractured bone at birth.

Glenoid Cavity

A shallow pit on the lateral margin of the scapula's head that articulates with the head of the humerus to form the glenohumeral joint.

Surgical Neck

The narrowed area just below the tubercles of the humerus; it is the weakest part of the bone and susceptible to fractures that may damage the axillary nerve.

Scaphoid

The largest bone in the proximal row of carpals and the most frequently fractured among the wrist bones.

Acetabulum

A round cavity on the lateral side of the coxal bone formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis; it articulates with the head of the femur.

Ischial Tuberosity

The most protruding rough part on the lower back of the ischium that contacts the ground when sitting.

Femur

The single bone of the thigh, which is the longest, thickest, and strongest bone in the body, accounting for about $25\%$ of overall body length.

Patella

The largest sesamoid bone in the body, located within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle.

Tibia

Located on the anteromedial side of the leg, it is the second-largest bone in the body and transfers weight from the femur to the foot.

Talus

The highest tarsal bone that forms the ankle joint with the tibia and fibula and lacks any muscle or tendon attachments.

Atlas ($C1$)

The first cervical vertebra, which supports the head and is atypical because it lacks a vertebral body and a spinous process.

Axis ($C2$)

The second cervical vertebra, characterized by a tooth-like projection called the dens (or odontoid process) extending upward from the body.

Vertebra Prominens ($C7$)

The seventh cervical vertebra, which has a long, non-bifid spinous process that can be easily palpated back of the neck.

Sacrum

An irregularly shaped bone composed of five fused vertebrae ($S1-S5$) that serves as the keystone connecting the spine and the iliac bones.

True Ribs

The first seven pairs of ribs that connect directly to the sternum through costal cartilages.

Floating Ribs

The $11th$ and $12th$ pairs of ribs, which are free at their anterior ends and have no connection to the sternum.

Sternum

The flat, elongated breastbone consisting of three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process.