Bonds/atoms

Bonds

interaction of electrons in the outermost shell

valence shell

outermost shell -> able to interact w/other atoms to form chemical bonds

ionic bonds

when 2 ions come together and one ion donates an electron to other atom

Cation: positive charge

Anion: negative charge

Covalent bond

sharing electrons in the outer shell

-Polar bonds: "pole" from the atomic charge

-NonPolar: no "poles"

Hydrogen bonds

Already bonded hydrogen atoms to a polar molecule but still bond w/other molecule

-EXPANSION

Inorganic Compounds

Compounds that do not contain both carbon & hydrogen

Ex. Water: lubricant to joints; solvent ->solutes dissolve

Ex. Salt: when fallen apart into ions due to being dissolved in water they become electrolytes

electrolytes

carry an electrical current in a solution

Acids and Bases

neutralize each other

release of Hydrogen ions (strong) and hydroxide ions (buffer).

pH scale

scale where 7 is neutral but less than 7 is more Acidic and more than 7 is more Alkaline (basic)

Blood pH

7.35-7.45

organic compounds

compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen

-carbon is the core

-carbs, fat, protein, and nucleic acid

Carbohydrates

complex molecules from Monosaccharide (one sugar) to Disaccharide (2 sugars) to Polysaccharides (2+)

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose

Disaccharides

sucrose: (table sugar) formed from glucose & fructose

lactose:(milk sugar) formed from glucose & galactose

maltose

Polysaccharides

starch:long chains, found in plant based food

glycogen: stored tissue of animals (liver/muscle)

cellulose: primary component of plant cell wall

fiber

humans don't digest it, it passes through our GI tract, reduces heart disease & colon cancer

Lipids

long chains of Hydrocarbons; hydrophobic

Triglyceride, Phospholipid, steroids

Triglycerides

3 fatty acids attached to glycerol

-major fuel source for body

-saturated (straight chain) like steak fat, butter, lard

-unsaturated (bent chain) like omega-3's, fish oil

Phospholipids

made of phosphate plus glycerol

-structure of cell walls

steroids

4 hydrocarbon rings which bond to other atoms & molecules

-Cholesterol (made in liver & animal fats)

---> component of bile; precursor to many hormones; found in cell walls

proteins

amino acids that compose cells & tissues

-"R" distinguishes amino acids from each other

-multi amino acids together = Peptide bonds

peptide bond

make peptides, polypeptide, & protein

Protein shape

long strands= muscle

matrix/backbone=bone

globular=carry molecules/act as enzymes

enzymes

Catalysts create chemical reactions without being used in the reaction.

convert substrate into product

protein make up:

Keratin = skin, collagen = bone, antibodies = immune sys., neurotransmitters = brain, hormones = endocrine sys., buffer = bld pH, receptors/transporters = cells, Energy

Nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

-Cytosine, Thymine, Adenine, Guanine, Uracil

-nucleotides link together to form & ATP

DNA

stores genetic information

-double helix

-46 chromosomes

-Nitrogen base: A, G, C, T

RNA

translates the genetic code into proteins

-single stranded

-Nitrogen base: A, G, C, U

Selectively preamble

Only allows specific substances ( ions, nutrients, waste products) in & out of cell

passive transport

some materials can pass through membrane

Ex. lipids, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water

-NO ENERGY

-diffusion/facilitated diffusion/osmosis

active transport

helps other materials that are repelled by the phospholipid tail cross the membrane

Ex. nutrients & ions

-REQUIRES ENERGY

diffusion

movement of particles from an are of high to low concentration

facilitated diffusion

use integral proteins to transport molecules across membrane

Ex. glucose

-NO ENERGY

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

-imbalance of solutes (salt/sugar) outside of cell compare to inside of cell

-Hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic

Hypertonic

more solute

isotonic

same amnt of solute

hypotonic

less solute

Junctions

hold epithelial cells together

Gap junction

an intercellular passageway between epi. cells

-allows passage of ions & molecules between cells

-allows communication/coordinations functions

Anchoring junction

on lateral/basal sides of cells, provides structures/stability

Tight Junctions

separates cells into apical & basal regions

-prevents material from going between 2 cells

Simple Squamous

Appearance of thin scales

-flat/horizontal nuclei

-found in bed vessels/airways

-endothelium/mesothelium

simple cuboidal

round/central-located nuclei

-secrete/absorb molecules

-found in kidneys & glands

simple columnar

elongated nuclei found near basal end of cell

-absorb/secrete molecules

-goblet cells found in this cell

-Found in GI tracts & female reproductive tract

stratified squamous

apical cells will be squamous, where the basal layer may be cuboidal/columnar

-most common

-top layer is dead cells filled w/keratin as found in skin