4.11 Basics concepts of organic chemistry

what is a hydrocarbon?

• compound of hydrogen and carbon only

what is crude oil?

• mixture of lots of chemicals, some of which are hydrocarbons

what is formula for alkanes?

• Cn H2n+2

why are alkanes described as saturated?

• has single bonds only

why are alkanes described as aliphatic?

• hydrocarbons joined together in straight chains, branches chains or non-aromatic rings

what is the ending of side chain? e.g. butane?

• -yl

• butyl

what are cycloalkanes?

• rings named after the number of carbons in the ring

what are structural isomers?

• compounds with same molecular formula but with different structural formula

what is the prefix for 2 same function group?

• di-

what is the prefix for 3 same functional group?

• tri-

Structural isomer have similar ______ properties but different ________ properties

• chemical

• structural

what is a functional group?

• a group of atoms responsible for characteristic reactions of a compound

what shows that a compound is an alkene?

• contains a carbon-carbon double bond

what shows that a compound is an alcohol?

• contains hydroxyl (OH) group

why are alkenes unsaturated?

• has carbon-carbon double bonds

how do you name alkenes?

• number of carbon atoms of longest chain

• find the name of that chain

• count along to start of double bond

• alkene uses suffix -ene

• 2 double bonds is -diene

• 3 double bonds is -triene

• the middle of main chain adds an ‘a’ for -di or -tri

• any side chains are named at start of the name

what is an aromatic compound?

• a compound containing a benzene ring

Draw a picture of benzene

• sometimes circle representing the delocalisation

• or lines showing double bonds

what is benzene described as structure wise?

• cyclic arene

• aromatic compound

why can in benzene the double bonds move around the ring?

• electrons in double bonds are delocalised so can move around

what are the features of alcohols?

• family of compounds containing functional group -OH

• name of alchold’s end with -ol

• can be structural isomer of the functional group

when naming does side chains or alcohol group take priority?

alcohol group

what can alcohols be classified?

• primary

• secondary

• tertiary

how do alcohols be classified into primary, secondary and tertiary?

• depending on which carbon atom the -OH is attached to 

how would a primary alcohol looks like?

• the carbon with -OH is attached to one alkyl group

how would a secondary alcohol look like?

• the carbon with -OH is attached to 2 alkyl group

how would a tertiary alcohol look like?

• the carbon with -OH is attached to 3 alkyl group

why are sigma bonds formed?

• orbitals overlap

can sigma bonds rotate?

• yes

where are sigma bonds found?

• between different bonded atoms

why are pie bonds formed?

• 2 orbitals overlap sideways

can pie bonds rotate?

• no

how many pie and sigma bonds in one single bond?

• one sigma bond

• no pie bond

how many pie and sigma bonds in double bond?

• one pie bond

• one sigma bond

how many pie and sigma bonds in a triple bond?

• one pie bond

• two sigma bonds