Kazakh Historical and Political Facts Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering Kazakh history from the khanate period and Tsarist colonization through the Soviet era and independence, based on lecture points.

Charter on the Siberian Kyrgyz

A document developed by M.M. Speransky.

Zheti Zhargy

A code of laws involving the participation of Tole bi, Kazybek bi, and Ayteke bi.

Treaty of Chuguchak 1864

The agreement by which China officially recognized the Semirechye territory as belonging to Russia.

Ordabasy

The collection point for all Kazakh troops after the Battle of "Kalmakkirylgan" in 1726.

Tagar

A tax levied on the population of Ak Orda, Moghulistan, and other khanates intended to provide troops with food.

Ybyrai Zhakhaev

A record-holder in the Kyzyl-Orda region who achieved a rice harvest of $172$ quintals per hectare in 1943.

A.I. Levshin

Referred to by Ch. Valikhanov as the "Herodotus of Kazakh history"; author of "Description of the Kirghiz-Cossack or Kirghiz-Kaisak Hordes and Steppes" (1832).

Ablai Khan

A leader who united all three zhuzes and was elected khan of all the Kazakh people in Turkestan in 1771.

Mustafa Chokay

The head of the Kokand Autonomy (1917–1919) and founder of political emigration in Europe.

Karlag

A detention camp in Kazakhstan during the Stalinist era consisting of 26 administrative-economic units.

Strategy Kazakhstan-2050

A long-term development plan presented on December 14, 2012, aiming for entry into the top 30 most developed countries.

M.A. Aitkhozhin

Recipient of the 1976 Lenin Prize for discovering informosomes (plant cell elements).

Zar Zaman

A poetic movement in Kazakh literature founded by Shortanbay Kanayuly.

312th Rifle Division

A military formation created in Aktobe during the Great Patriotic War, noted for heroism in the Battle for Moscow.

Alash Party

A political organization established during the first All-Kazakh Congress in July 1917 in Orenburg.

Semipalatinsk Test Site

A location where $478$ nuclear tests were conducted between the years 1949 and 1989.

National Fund for the Support of Culture

A fund established in 1995 at the initiative of the creative intelligentsia of the Republic.

Great Feat / Years of Great Disaster

The period from 1723 to 1727 marked by the devastating Dzungar invasion.

Ahura Mazda

The supreme god of Zoroastrianism to whom Darius I expressed gratitude in historical records.

Operation Meтель-1986

The operation name for the dispersal of demonstrators in Alma-Ata on Brezhnev Square in December 1986.

Smagul Saduakasov

A public figure who opposed the use of Kazakhstan as a raw material base during industrialization.

Baiterek

An Astana monument symbolizing the three philosophical concepts of earth, life, and sky.

Hizb ut-Tahrir

An organization banned in the Republic of Kazakhstan and recognized as extremist by the Astana court on March 28, 2005.

Bukey Horde

A formation established in 1801, also known as the Bukeyevsky Khanate.

S. Asfendiyarov

The organizer and first rector of the Kazakh State University.

Al-Baraka Bank Kazakhstan

A bank established at the end of the 1980s to shift economic development toward market relations.

Tashkent

A city captured by Tsarist troops in 1865.

Lisbon Protocol

A document regulating the status of Soviet nuclear weapons within the former republics of the USSR.

Azgyr

A test site in the Caspian Depression where $17$ underground nuclear tests were conducted between 1966 and 1979.

Baurzhan Momyshuly

A military figure posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union on December 11, 1990.