APUSH vocab chapter 12

Charles Grandison Finney

An evangelical Presbyterian minister who became the most influential revival leader of the 1820s and 1830s

David Walker

A free black from Boston who in 1829 published Walker's Appeal to the Colored Citizens

Edgar Allen Poe

A southern writer who wrote works to embrace the search for the essence of the human spirit

Frederick Douglass

The greatest African American abolitionist of all, and one of the most electrifying orators of his time

Henry David Thoreau

A Concord Transcendentalist, who repudiated the repressive forces of society in his work

Herman Melville

Writer of Moby Dick in 1851

Horace Mann

The greatest educational reformer and the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, which was established in 1837

Hudson River School

The group of artists that included Frederic Church, Thomas Cole, Thomas Doughty, and others. Their work mainly focused on the landscapes of the Hudson River Valley

James Fenimore Cooper

The first great American novelist, who wrote more than thirty novels in the space of three decades

Joseph Smith

The founder of Mormonism

Nathaniel Hawthorne

One of the original residents of Brook Farm, who expressed his disillusionment with the experiment and with transcendentalism in a series of notable novels

Ralph Waldo Emerson

A Unitarian minister and leader of the transcendentalist philosophy

Seneca Falls Convention

A convention organized in 1848 to discuss the question of women's rights

Shakers

A religious group which made a redefinition of traditional sexuality and gender roles central to their society

Transcendentalist

a philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches, incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real, promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions

Walt Whitman

The self proclaimed poet of American democracy, and one of the most important writers of his time

William Lloyd Garrison

The man who transformed the antislavery movement into a completely different phenomenon

Temperance

abstinence from alcohol, grows as more immigrants come in, alcohol is seen as responsible for crime, disorder, and crime

Phrenology

measurement of the human skull was the indicator of character and intelligence

Asylum Movement

helped the criminals and the mentally ill, punishments such as public hangings declined

Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions

"all men AND women equal", it was the grand basis of attaining civil, social, political, and religious rights for women

American Colonization Society

challenged slavery in a new way, proposed gradual freedom with compensation for the masters, would help transport slaves, raised money to send some slaves to Liberia

Amistad Case

On board a ship, African slaves bound for Cuba committed mutiny. They wanted to go back to Africa, but only made it to NY, where there was a big controversy and trial to decide if they should get their freedom or not. John Quincy Adams argued the case in front of the Supreme Court and the court ruled in favor of the slaves.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe, abolitionist propaganda/sentiment, hated by southerners but made northerners more skeptical of slavery (maybe consider abolitionism)

Robert Owen

socialist Utopian society

Brook Farm

a utopian community which believed that self-realization came from an equal share of labor.

American Society for the Promotion of Temperance

preached abstinence to various groups. later became the Washington Temperance Society.

Oliver Wendall Holmes

discovered contagion

Benevolent Empire

an emphasis on individual impact, and imposing social values through schools.

Prigg v. Pennsylvania

Supreme Court case in which Edward Prigg appealed to the US Supreme Court on the grounds that the Pennsylvania law arrogated the State powers over and above those allowed by the US Constitution The court held that Federal law is superior to State law, and overturned the conviction of Prigg as a result.

Liberty Party

A political party that started during the two party systems in the 1840's.The party's main platform was bringing an end to slavery by political and legal means. The party was originally part of the American Anti-slavery however; they split because they believed there was a more practical way to end slavery than Garrison's moral crusade.

Sir Walter Scott

a highly popular British novelist whose romanticized historical novels were especially beloved in the American South before the Civil War. 

Resistance to Civil Government

commonly known as the essay "Civil Disobedience") is Henry David Thoreau's argument for prioritizing one's individual conscience over obedience to unjust laws. 

Charles Fourier

a French social theorist and a founder of utopian socialism whose ideas inspired a wave of experimental communal societies (phalanxes) in the United States during the 1840s. His ideas were part of the broader antebellum reform movements in America, alongside abolitionism, temperance, and women's rights. 

Oneida Perfectionists

were a 19th-century utopian religious community founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 in Oneida, New York. 

Brigham Young

the second president and leader of the Mormon (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) church who, after the murder of founder Joseph Smith, led thousands of Mormons on a mass migration to the Great Salt Lake Valley in present-day Utah in 1847. 

Washington Temperance Society

a 19th-century American temperance organization founded in 1840 in Baltimore, Maryland, by six alcoholics (William K. Mitchell, John F. Hoss, David Anderson, George Steers, James McCurley, and Archibald Campbell). Unlike earlier temperance groups led by clergymen or social elites, the Washingtonians were working-class men who sought to reform other "drunkards" through mutual support and the sharing of personal experiences with alcohol abuse

Bloomer Costume

was a distinctive style of women's clothing introduced in the 1850s that combined a knee-length skirt with full-length, loose-fitting "Turkish" trousers gathered at the ankles.