Bio Final Exam Vocab 9th grade

Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome, which can lead to variations in the organism's traits and may be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.

Speciation

The process by which new and distinct species evolve from a common ancestor, often due to geographic, ecological, or reproductive isolation.

Founder Effect

The genetic phenomenon that occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population, leading to reduced genetic variation and potential differences from the original population.

Genetic Drift

The change in allele frequencies in a population due to random sampling of organisms, which can affect genetic variation over time.

Gene Flow

The transfer of genetic material between populations through migration, potentially increasing genetic diversity and reducing differences between populations.

Evolution

The process by which species change over time through mechanisms like natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow. It explains the diversity of life on Earth.

Species

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, sharing common characteristics and genetic heritage.

Bottleneck Event

A significant reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events or human activities, leading to a loss of genetic diversity.

Natural Selection

The process by which individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, resulting in the gradual adaptation of a species to its environment.

Non-random Mating

occurs when the probability that two individuals mate is not equal for all possible pairs in a population

Sexual reproduction

A biological process in which two parent organisms contribute genetic material to produce offspring that are genetically distinct from both parents, typically involving the fusion of gametes (sperm and egg).

asexual reproduction

A biological process in which a single organism produces offspring that are genetically identical to itself, without the involvement of gametes or the fusion of reproductive cells.

P² - Hardy Weinberg

Homozygous Dominant

P - Hardy Weinberg

Dominant Allele

q² -Hardy Weinburg

Homozygouse recessive

2pq -Hardy Weinburg

Heterozygous

Charled Darwin

An English naturalist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the theory of evolution through natural selection, as detailed in his book 'On the Origin of Species' published in 1859.

intrasexual selection

A form of natural selection where competition occurs between individuals of the same sex for mates, influencing traits that enhance success in attracting males or females.

Intersexual Selection

Intersexual selection is a form of sexual selection where individuals of one sex choose which members of the opposite sex to mate with, typically based on specific, attractive phenotypic traits or elaborate courtship displays. Also known as mate choice,

Geographic Islation

occurs when a physical barrier (like a mountain, ocean, or river) separates a population, halting gene flow

Reproductive Isolation

the biological and evolutionary barriers that prevent members of distinct populations or species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring

Inherited traits

genetic characteristics encoded in DNA and passed from parents to offspring during reproduction

Acquired Traits

a phenotypic characteristic or behavior that an organism develops during its lifetime as a result of environmental influences, experiences, or deliberate actions. These traits are not encoded in the DNA and cannot be genetically passed on to offspring.