Week 13 -- MAternal

Oral phase

— Infant

— Interested in oral stimulation or pleasure this time

— Suck for enjoyment or relief of tension, as well as for nourishment

Anal phase

— Toddler

— Anal region as they begin toilet training

— Pleasure in both the retention of feces and defecation

— Part of self discovery

phallic phase

— Pre schooler

— Masturbation is common

— Children may also show exhibitionism, suggesting they hope this will lead to increased knowledge of the two sexes.

— Genital area

Latent phase

— School-age child

— Children’s libido appears to be diverted into concrete thinking

— Saw no developments as obvious as those in earlier periods

 Genital phase

— Adolescence 

— Establishment of new sexual aims and the finding of new love objects

Sociocultural theories

— Environment on growth and development

Learning theory

— Children are like blank page that can be shaped by learning

Cognitive theorists

— Learning skills are the key to achieving success in life

Epigenetic theories

— Genes are the true basis for growth and development

Sigmund Freud

— Psychoanalytic theory

— Observations of mentally disturbed adults

— Child development, series of psychosexual stages

Erik Erikson 

— Psychosocial development

— Culture and society

— Behavior determination

— Personal social view vs instinctual drives

Trust VS Mistrust (learning confidence or learning to love)

— Infant

— Needs are met; view the world as a safe place and people as helpful and dependable

— Care is inconsistent; infants become fearful nd suspicious of the world and of people

Autonomy VS Shame or Doubt

— Toddler

— A self government or independence

— Builds on children’s new motor and mental abilities

Initiative VS Guilt

— Learning how to do things

— Initiate motor activities of various sorts on their own 

Initiative

— Freedom and opportunity to initiate motor play:

• Running

• Bike riding

• Sliding

• Wrestling 

—Parents answer a child’s questions

— Do not inhibit fantasy or play activity 

Guilt

— Made to feel their motor activity is bad

— Questions are a nuisance

— Play is silly and stupid

— Later have limited brainstorming and problem-solving

Industry(self confidence) VS Inferiority

— School age

Industry(self confidence)

— “Am I doing a good job? Am I doing this right?”

— Encouraged in their efforts to do practical tasks

— Make practical things

— Praised and rewarded for the finished results

Inferiority

— Children’s efforts at making and doing things = “busy work’

— Do not show appreciation for their children’s efforts

Identity VS Role confusion 

— Adolescent 

Identity

— Bringing together everything they have learned abut themselves; integrate into a whole

Role confusion

— Left unsure of what kind of person they are

— Uncertain what they can do

— What kind of person they can become

Intimacy VS Isolation

— Young adult/Late adolescent

Intimacy

— Relate well with other peoples, not only with members of the opposite sex but also with one’s own sex to form long-lasting friendships

—NEED:

• Sense of trust as an infant

• Strong sense of identity as an adolescent

• Autonomy as a toddler 

Isolation

— NO confidence with rejection — cannot offer love or friendship

Generativity VS Stagnation

— Middle-aged adult 

Generativity

— Politically active

— Work to solve environmental problems

— Participate world-based decisions

— Self confident

— Better able to juggle their various lives

— Feel good about the choices in life

— Helps children develop a sense of trust and learn initiative

Stagnation

— Narrow perspective

— Lack of ability to cope with change 

— Difficulty accepting a late-in-life pregnancy

— New role of childbearing and childrearing 

Jean Piaget 

— Theory of cognitive development 

— Way children learn and think

— Children reorganize their thinking processes to birth them closer to adult thinking

Sensorimotor stage

— Infant

— Birth to 2 years 

— Learns about the world through their senses and through their actions

— Object permanence main achievement at 8 months 

Preoperational stage 

— Toddler and young children

— 2-7 years

— World through language and imagery 

— Symbolic thinking; A thing stand for something other than itself

Aminism

— Non-living objects have life and feelings like a person

Concrete operational stage

— 7-11 years

— School age

— Conservation; although things may change in appearance, certain properties remain the same

— asked to reason about materials that are physically present

— Can work things out internally in their head

Formal operational stage

— 12 and over

— School age- adolescent

— Concrete Operations — things

— Formal operations — ideas 

— Abstract ideas

— SCIENTIFIC THINKING 

Lawrence Kohlberg

— Theory of moral development

— Reasoning ability of boys

— The way children gain knowledge of right and wrong or moral reasoning

Moral stages

— Approximate cognitive stages of development

— Children must be able to think abstractly before being able to understand how rules apply even when no one is there to enforce them

Infant development

— MOST important development earliest connections with others

— LEARN:

• First aspects of language

• Crawl and possibly walk

• Become familiar with their environment 

— Surround with safe and interesting things

Toddler development

— 1-3 yrs old

— Want to explore their world an try new things

— Adventurous and “into everything”

— Expericnce times when they are clingy and shine

Preschooler development

— Physical:

• ABLE to: run, jump, skip, climb, and slide.

— Fine motor skills:

• Drawing, coloring, and using safety scissors

— Social:

• CONCERNED if other children feel sad or upset.

• Enjoy cooperative play

— HIGHLY IMAGINATIVE

Middle childhood development

— 6-11 yrs old

— INCREASED independence from the family

— INCREASED focus: demands of school, friends, and independent recreational activities

— Want to be liked and accepted by friends, classmates and teammates

Adolescent development

— Moving towards a unique identity

— Individuals develop an increasingly unique sense of self during this period

— They often believe that their thoughts and ideas are distinctive and not understood by others.