AP Euro Chapter 5, 6, 7 terms

Heliocentric Theory

The New Science idea that the solar system revolved around the sun, and that the Earth is not the center of the universe.

Ptolemaic Systems

The pre-Copernican explanation of the center of the universe originated in the ancient world.

Copernicus Universe

challenged the Ptolemaic picture in the most conservative manner possible. Adopted elements from the Ptolemaic model but transferred them to a heliocentric model, which assumed the Earth moved around the sun in a circle.

Geocentrism

The belief that Earth was at the center of the universe.

Empiricism

The use of an experiment based on sensory evidence to construct a scientific theory or philosophy of knowledge.

Galileo Galilei

inventor who improved the telescope

The Empirical Method

A method to gain knowledge through observation and experimentation rather than theory and pure logic

Francis Bacon

an Englishman who challenged the scholastic belief that truth they only be understood from a traditional aspect originated empiricism (everything based on sensory knowledge)

Enlightenment

Age of reason

Nicholas Copernicus

A Polish priest and astronomer who had a high reputation during his life.Made the heliocentric model (Sun). Published “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Sphere.

Tycho Brahe

a Danish astronomer advocated for an Earth-centered system

Elliptical

Kepler's first law of planetary motion (the planet orbits around the sun in an elliptical path rather than a circle)

Johannes Kepler

German astronomer and assistant to Tycho Brahe. Further went with Brahe’s theory of elliptical orbits. The 1st Law is planetary motion.

Baroque

relating to a style of European architecture, music, and art of the 17th and 18th centuries that followed mannerism.

Age of Reason

Another word for the age of enlightenment

Sir Isaac Newton

science reveals the order and beauty of creation, while religion guides our hearts and morals. They are not at war, but rather, can walk together—each in its own way—toward truth. “Principia Mathematica”

Mechanism

The universe works like a machine governed by natural laws

René Descartes

a mathematician who valued deduction in the scientific method (scientific facts from general principles); not empiricism; “I think, therefore I am”

Natural Philosophers

An Early term for scientists during the scientific revolution who studied the natural world through observation and rational thought

Blaise Pascal

French mathematician and physical scientist who surrendered his wealth to pursue an austere life.

Leviathan

a book written by Thomas Hobbes, argues that a strong central government is necessary to keep authority, and ensure political security; leviathan also means sea monster

Thomas Hobbes

a political philosopher who believed in an absolute monarchy

Maria Winkelmann

German astronomer, one of the first famous astronomers due to her discovery of a comet in 1702.

Margret Cavendish

One of the first women scientists in history, worked through her husband, the Duke of Newcastle.

Maria Cunitz

Another important woman who pursued new science. She studied astronomy and published a book under her husband to which he gave authorship to her.

Letter Concerning Religious Toleration (1698)

John Locke’s letter concerning religious toleration among Christians

Index of Prohibited Books

a list of publications the Roman Catholic Church banned for being morally dangerous

Physico

theology

Enlightenment

age of reason

Sabbats

Mass meetings where witches were believed to congregate and fly.

Maleficium

harmful magic and diabolical witchcraft.

Midwives: women who assisted in the delivery of children in Europe until the 1700s

Diabolical Pact

A mythical agreement between a witch and the devil involving the rejection of Christianity and the promise of demonic service

Christian theologians

scholars who study and explain Christian beliefs.

Bernini

Designed a monument to papal authority with the chair of St. Peter

Peter Paul Rubens (1577

1640)

Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio

an Italian painter who worked in Rome for the most part, but had to flee because he murdered a man

Louis Le Nain (1593

1648)

Secular

not belonging or bound to religious rule

John Locke

Pioneered the political ideology that everyone has the right to revolt to claim basic rights.

Old Regime

the political and social system of the Kingdom of France from approximately the 15th century until the French Revolution of 1789.

Aristocratic Resurgence

Term applied to the eighteenth

Family Economy

the basic structure of production and consumption in preindustrial Europe

Aristocratic

elites possessing a wide variety of inherited legal privileges

Tithe

a portion of a person's income or harvest, traditionally a tenth, paid to the Church

House of the Lords

A form of government that consisted of the eldest male members of the wealthy families in Britain

The aristocracy

a social class with a hierarchical structure of hereditary titles granted by the crown.

Parliament

A parliament is a legislative body, typically a national government, where elected or appointed representatives meet to debate issues, make laws, and oversee the government. Its main functions include legislating, scrutinizing the government.

Emelyan Pugachev

Led the largest peasant revolt in Russian history against the tsar of Russia(Pg 242)

The Agricultural Revolution

The innovations in farm production that began in the eighteenth century and led to a scientific and mechanized agriculture.

Robert Bakewell

(1725