water hosa

"Describe the importance of water for human survival."

"Humans can only live 10-14 days without water, highlighting its critical role in survival."

"Explain the percentage of body weight that water constitutes in adults."

"Water makes up 50-60% of an adult's weight, a larger percent in men due to muscle tissue content."

"How does the water content in newborns compare to that of adults?"

"Newborns have a higher water content at 75%, which decreases with age."

"Define the two main components of body fluid."

"The two main components of body fluid are intracellular fluid (ICF), which is 60% of total body fluid, and extracellular fluid (ECF), which is 35% of total body fluid."

"What are the types of extracellular fluid (ECF)?"

"Extracellular fluid (ECF) includes intravascular fluid (bloodstream water), interstitial fluid (between cells), and glandular secretions."

"Explain the distribution of total body fluid in humans."

"Total body fluid is distributed as 60% intracellular fluid (ICF) and 35% extracellular fluid (ECF)."

"Describe the major functions of blood plasma."

"Blood plasma serves as a solvent for nutrients and waste, transports substances via blood, aids in the hydrolysis of nutrients for metabolism, acts as a lubricant for joints and digestion, cools the body through precipitation, and provides some minerals depending on the source."

"Explain the best sources of hydration."

"The best source of hydration is drinking water, followed by beverages, and then fruits, vegetables, soups, milk, and gelatin desserts."

"Define fluid and electrolyte balance in the body."

"Fluid and electrolyte balance refers to the state of homeostasis where the volume and electrolyte content of fluid in the body are equal to the fluid being lost."

"How does the body lose water and electrolytes during illness?"

"During illness with vomiting and diarrhea, the body loses significant amounts of water and electrolytes, which must be treated quickly to prevent dehydration."

"What is the difference between sensible and insensible water loss?"

"Sensible water loss is noticeable, such as urine excretion (about 500 ml/day), while insensible water loss is unnoticed, occurring through feces, perspiration, and respiration."

"Explain the process of osmosis in relation to water movement in cells."

"Osmosis is the process by which water moves in and out of cell walls, controlled by electrolytes such as sodium chloride, and potassium."

"Identify the main extracellular and intracellular electrolytes."

"Sodium is the main extracellular electrolyte, while potassium is the main intracellular electrolyte."

"Describe the role of the hypothalamus in hydration."

"The hypothalamus detects dehydration in the mouth and tongue, triggering thirst and the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to promote water reabsorption in the kidneys."

"What happens when there is too much electrolyte in the blood?"

"Excess electrolytes in the blood can lead to low blood volume and pressure, prompting the hypothalamus to release ADH, which causes the kidneys to reabsorb water."

"Explain the effects of lowered sodium in extracellular flui."

"Cellular edema occurs - the swelling of body cells caused by an imbalance of electrolytes, leading to increased sodium reabsorption by the kidneys to relieve the condition."

"How does consumption of water vary among individuals?"

"Water consumption depends on factors such as age, size, activity level, temperature, and physical condition."

"How much water does the average adult need"

"1 ml per calorie of food"

"What is the recommended daily water intake for adults?"

"The recommended daily water intake for adults is approximately 13 eight-ounce glasses."

"Identify factors that increase water needs."

"Water needs increase with youth, fever, diarrhea, high perspiration, and hyperthyroidism."

"Define dehydration and its implications."

"Dehydration is a condition resulting from insufficient water intake or excessive loss, leading to various health issues."

"Types of abnormal water loss"

"diarrhea, vomiting, hemorrhage, burns, diabetes"

"Describe the consequences of inadequate water intake or abnormal water loss."

"Inadequate water intake or abnormal loss can lead to low blood pressure, thirst, dry skin, and mental disorientation. A 10% water loss results in decreased blood volume and nutrient absorption, while a 20% loss can cause circulatory failure or death."

"Explain the risks associated with infants and water loss."

"Infants are at high risk for complications due to abnormal water loss, as their bodies are more susceptible to dehydration."

"How can heat-related illnesses occur due to water imbalance?"

"Excess perspiration combined with inadequate water intake can lead to heat fatigue, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke, each with increasing severity and symptoms."

"Heat fatigue"

"thirst, weakness, fatigue Go toa cool place to rest and drink fluids most minor of the bunc"

"Heat cramp"

"loss of sodium and potassium -> leg cramps, thirst cool place and drink fluids"

"Define heat exhaustion and its symptoms."

"Heat exhaustion is characterized by symptoms such as thirst, dizziness, nausea, headache, and abnormal sweating. Treatment includes cool water sponge baths, rest for 2-3 days, and increased fluid intake."

"Who is at most risk for heat illnesses"

"People who can't sweat"

"What is the treatment for severe dehydration?"

"Severe dehydration may require electrolyte and fluid replacement, and in more critical cases, intravenous fluids."

"Explain why feeling thirsty is not a reliable indicator of hydration needs."

"Thirst is not a reliable indicator of hydration needs, especially in the elderly, children, athletes, and sick individuals, as it may lag behind actual water requirements."

"Describe the effects of excess water consumption on the body."

"Excess water consumption can lead to a positive water balance, resulting in edema and water retention which can be due to various illnesses (hypothyroidism and congestive heart failure) or when sodium isn't excreted properly (restricted intake recommended)."

"How does mental illness relate to water consumption?"

"Excessive water drinking has been associated with schizophrenia, and acute psychological stress can lead to excessive water intake, potentially resulting in brain damage."

"Define acid-base balance and its importance in the body."

"Acid-base balance is necessary for maintaining proper physiological function, similar to fluid electrolyte balance."

"What is the pH range of blood plasma?"

"The pH range of blood plasma is between 7.35 and 7.45."

"Explain the role of hydrochloric acid in digestion."

"Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by the stomach and plays a crucial role in digesting proteins."

"Describe the pH of intracellular fluid."

"The pH of intracellular fluid is approximately 6.8."

"Describe the role of kidneys in maintaining ion balance."

"Kidneys control the balance of ions in the body by choosing which ions to keep or excrete."

"Explain how diet affects urine pH."

"What you eat can affect urine pH, but it usually does not impact the body's overall pH balance."

"Define buffer systems in the context of body fluids."

"Buffer systems consist of weak acids and strong bases that control the concentration of H+ ions in body fluids."

"What is the base:acid ratio for the body's buffer system"

"20:1"

"How does the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system function?"

"The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is the body's main buffer system, adjusted by the kidneys and lungs to maintain pH balance."

"Example of how the kidney and lungs adjust the body's pH"

"Water and CO2 are metabolism end products that can form carbonic acid Hemoglobin brings CO2 to the lungs to excrete it (if there is too much CO2, the medulla oblongata increases the breathing rate) Excess sodium bicarbonate is excreted by the kidneys"

"What is the typical pH range of urine excreted by the kidneys?"

"The kidneys excrete urine with a pH range of 4.5 to 8, with an average pH of 6."

"Explain the consequences of acidosis."

"Acidosis can result from renal failure, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, starvation, or severe diarrhea, leading to an inability to balance acids and bases."

"Describe the condition of alkalosis and its causes."

"Alkalosis can occur due to severe loss of hydrochloric acid from vomiting or excessive intake of alkali, such as too many antacid tablets."

"What considerations should health care professionals keep in mind regarding patients with dietary restrictions?"

"Health care professionals should be aware that patients who need to limit salt or liquid intake may be unhappy and should provide suitable dietary alternatives."