Origin, Progress, and Development of School Services in Speech-Language Pathology

A comprehensive set of practice-style Q&A flashcards covering key terms, laws, models, and roles from the lecture notes on the origin, progress, and development of school services in speech-language pathology.

What does AYP stand for and what does it require under No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and its flexibilities?

Adequate yearly progress; a statewide accountability requirement documenting student progress toward academic standards, with flexibility added in 2011 to allow waivers and goal setting adjustments.

What organization promotes the interests of SLPs and audiologists and ensures ethical practices?

The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA).

What is a clinical fellowship in speech-language pathology?

A mentored, first-year professional employment program in which a novice SLP receives supervision by a CCC-certified supervisor; requires 36 monitoring activities (18 on-site and 18 other) and successful completion to obtain CCC.

Describe the cognitive-developmental model used in SLP service delivery.

The SLP first determines the child’s cognitive development stage (per Piaget) from overt behaviors, then structures the environment and linguistic input to support learning within that stage.

Define de minimis in a legal/educational context.

Too trivial or minor to merit consideration.

What are disaggregated results in statewide assessments?

Separate reporting of scores for subgroups (e.g., students with disabilities, multilingual learners, low SES, certain ethnic groups) to document progress while analyzing overall AYP.

How is the term 'highest qualified provider' commonly defined today, and what does ASHA advocate?

Many states define it as a licensed professional in the area of exceptionality; ASHA advocates that it means a professional who holds an ASHA CCC.

What is identity-first language?

Describing the disability first (e.g., autistic, stutterer); some individuals prefer this order based on personal or cultural identity.

What are inclusive practices in education?

Bringing special education and related services to the student in the least restrictive environment through collaborative teamwork.

What is an Individualized Education Program (IEP)?

A plan and document for students aged 3–21 with disabilities outlining current performance, annual goals, nondisabled peers’ participation, testing, services, start/end dates, progress measures, and needed transition services; updated at least annually.

What is an Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP)?

A plan for birth–3-year-olds and their families ensuring needed services in a natural environment; specifies who provides services, where, how often, and for how long; updated at least every 6 months.

What are the six major concepts addressed by IDEA 2004?

(1) paperwork reduction, (2) qualified provider, (3) early intervention, (4) transitions, (5) research and development, (6) funding.

Define the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE).

Educate a student with a disability with nondisabled peers to the greatest extent possible; if more restrictive settings are necessary, the IEP team must justify and document the necessity.

What is a lisp?

Misarticulation of the s, z, sh, ch, or j sounds due to tongue placement or articulatory mechanism.

What is mainstreaming in the history of special education?

A precursor to inclusive practices where a student with disabilities spent most of the day in general education but was pulled out for some services.

What is the term 'mental retardation' and its status today?

An outdated term formerly used to describe intellectual disability.

Define metacognition.

Thinking about one’s own thinking; understanding and reflecting on executive functions like problem-solving, categorization, and memory.

What is a neurogenic speech disorder?

A speech impairment caused by dysfunction of the neurological system or neuromuscular components.

What is a paraprofessional in the context of school-based SLP services?

A person with a 2-year technical degree who assists under the supervision of a fully certified SLP; in some states licensed and functioning with limited scope.

Define pedagogy.

The art, science, and/or profession of teaching.

Explain people-first language.

Describing the person before the disability (e.g., a child with a learning disability) to emphasize the person first.

What was the original term for the profession of SLPs in the early 20th century, and what model did it reflect?

Speech correctionist; reflected a medical model aimed at curing or diminishing symptoms of speech disorders.

What is the modern title for practitioners in this field as the profession evolved?

Speech-language pathologist (SLP); later broadened to include speech-language pathology as the profession.

Define speech-language pathology.

The professional field focusing on prevention, etiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of communication delays, disorders, or differences across articulation, fluency, voice, swallowing, cognition, language, or alternative modalities.

What is a stammer and how does it differ from stutter?

Stammer/stammering is an older term describing fluency disorders; stutter is the term commonly used today with core and secondary characteristics such as repetitions, prolongations, and associated behaviors.

What are key civil rights milestones related to education for people with disabilities mentioned in the notes?

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) and subsequent civil rights and disability-rights cases; the Quiet Revolution leading to IDEA; major cases: Oberti v. Board of Ed. (1993), Daniel R.R. v. State Bd. of Ed. (1996), Mills v. D.C. Bd. of Ed. (1972), Lau v. Nichols (1974), Diana v. State Bd. of Ed. (1970), Arreola v. Bd. of Ed. (1968).

What is the 1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142) and its major provisions?

Guaranteed FAPE and related services; child find; nonbiased evaluation and appropriate placement; protection of parental rights; funding; IEPs; transition planning; education of students with disabilities in the least restrictive environment.

What changes did IDEA 2004 bring regarding IEPs and related processes?

Waivers of certain paperwork requirements in some states; model IEP/IFSP forms; ability to excuse certain IEP team members; consolidation of meetings; ability to modify current IEP without a full meeting; 3-year IEP option after age 18; emphasis on a continuum of service delivery in LRE; strengthened pre-referral and transition components.

What is the Endrew F. standard (2017) for IEPs?

A child’s IEP must be reasonably calculated to enable progress appropriate to the child’s circumstances; de minimis progress is not adequate; focus on quality and ambition tailored to individual needs.

What is ESSA (Every Student Succeeds Act) and how did it change NCLB?

ESSA (2015) replaced NCLB; removed rigid, punitive testing and sanctions; returned some authority to states and local districts; maintained disaggregated data and graduation rate measures while allowing flexible accountability and locally designed assessment systems.

What are the five types of assessment accommodations defined by IDEA Partnership?

Timing (when testing occurs), Scheduling (lengths and breaks), Setting (where the test is given), Presentation (how test content is delivered), Response (how the student answers or participates).

What is the CCSS and its purpose?

Common Core State Standards; a set of college- and career-ready standards for English language arts and mathematics intended to provide a consistent, clear understanding of expectations; adopted by many states to align instruction and assessments.

What is the role of a school-based SLP in prevention?

Participate as part of the educational team; engage in pre-referral strategies, collaborate with teachers, parents, and nurses; disseminate information (e.g., literacy, hearing screening, prenatal education) to prevent or mitigate communication disorders.