Gender Inequalities - Introduction to Social Sciences

Flashcards covering gender stratification, the 2025 Global Gender Gap Index, workplace inequalities, motherhood penalties, and theoretical perspectives on feminism.

What is the definition of gender stratification?

The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege across genders.

According to the World Economic Forum, what are the four subindices of the Global Gender Gap Index?

1. Economic Participation and Opportunity, 2. Educational Attainment, 3. Health and Survival, 4. Political Empowerment.

In the Global Gender Gap Index measurement, what do the scores $0$ and $1$ indicate?

A score of $1$ indicates full equality (parity), while a score of $0$ indicates complete inequality.

Which country ranked 1st globally in the 2025 Global Gender Gap Index?

Iceland

What is Türkiye's global rank in the 2025 Global Gender Gap Index?

Türkiye is ranked $135th$ out of $148$ economies.

In the Global Gender Gap Index 2025, which subindex has the highest percentage of the gender gap closed to date?

Educational Attainment at $96.2\%$, followed by Health and Survival at $95.1\%$.

Define the concept of the 'Sticky Floor' in the context of gendered careers.

A situation where women are concentrated in low-paid, low-mobility jobs and cannot move up.

What does the term 'Glass Ceiling' refer to?

Invisible barriers that prevent women from reaching top positions in their careers.

What is the 'Glass Escalator'?

A phenomenon where men in female-dominated jobs are promoted faster and pushed into leadership positions.

According to findings by Correll, Benard & Paik (2007), what is the 'Motherhood Penalty' regarding callback rates?

Mothers have a callback rate that is about $50\%$ lower than non-mothers.

What is the duration of maternity leave in Türkiye?

$16$ weeks

How many days of paid parental leave are parents entitled to in Sweden?

$480$ days, with $390$ of those days paid at about $80\%$ of the parent's salary.

How many days of Swedish parental leave are non-transferable for each parent to encourage gender equality?

$90$ days

According to TÜİK 2025 statistics, what is the female employment rate (15+) in Türkiye?

$$32.5\%$$

What percentage of women aged $25-49$ with children under $3$ years old are working in Türkiye?

$27\%$, compared to $91\%$ of men in the same situation.

What percentage of new mothers in Türkiye leave their jobs within $1$ year of giving birth?

By the $12th$ month, the figure rises to $56.5\%$, starting from $3.7\%$ in the first month.

In Türkiye, what is the gap in minutes spent on unpaid work between women and men per day?

Women spend $305$ minutes per day on unpaid work while men spend $68$ minutes, making the gap the largest in Europe (women do $3.5\times$ more).

How does Bell Hooks (2000) define feminism in 'Feminism Is for Everybody'?

A movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression.

What is the focus of Liberal feminism?

Equal opportunities and legal rights.

What is the focus of Radical feminism?

Patriarchy and power relations.

What does Intersectional feminism focus on?

Overlapping inequalities such as gender, class, race, and ethnicity.

What is the Functionalist theory's view on gender differences?

It sees gender differences as good for societal harmony, prioritizing broad harmony over problems caused by gender inequity.

When did the Istanbul Convention treaty enter into force and what is its purpose?

It entered into force in $2014$ and is the 'gold standard' for preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence.

According to TÜİK 2017, what percentage of women feel 'Very Unsafe' walking alone at night in their neighborhood?

$15.2\%$, compared to $2.5\%$ for men.