comp 2 part 2

What does the “E” in E-M-P-A-T-H-Y stand for?

Eye contact

Ras is a part of the

MAP pathway

Akt is associated with the

mTOR pathway

Germinal centers are the sight of

B. Cell proliferation

Type 2 epitheliorecticular cells are in the

In the cortex of the thymus

Function of spleen

Decrease clearance of encapsulated bacteria from the blood

White pulp deals with

Lymphoid tissue with T and B cells from immune response

Red pulp is involved in

Old red blood cells and pathogens

Benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and alcohol act on

GABA

Gq activates

Phospholipase

How do Botox injections work

Prevents acetylcholine release from the presynaptic nerve terminals

Which of the following mechanisms is primarily responsible for terminating the calcium signal in the cytoplasm?

Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchange and Ca²⁺-ATPase–mediated reuptake

IP3 degradation prevents

further Ca2+ release

What terminates cAMP signaling?

Phosphodiesterase

Which pathway generates IP3 and DAG

Gq pathway

cAMP is associated with the

Gs pathway

Lipoxygenase enzyme catalyzes the formation of

Leukotrienes and HETE compounds which cause inflammation

GABA and chlorine are associated with

Ligand-gated ion channels

TNF-alpha causes

Fever and hypotension

C5a is associated with

Neutrophil chemotaxis

Mycobacteria is identified with

Autamine/rhodamine

Legionella pneumophila Is diagnosed by

Buffered charcoal yeast extract

“Catalase and coagulase positive”

Staph aureus

C2 is at the

Angle of the mandible

C6 is at the

First cricoid ring

C7 is at the

Vertebral prominens

“oRotation and Side-bending are in the same direction“

Type 2-like mechanics of C2-7

“T helper”

CD4+

“T-cytotoxic”

CD8+

the wright-giemsa stain, is used on

Plasmodia

Spore stain is mostly used on

Bacillus and clostridia

Nonselective agars

Blood agar, chocolate agar, and sabouraud dextrose sugar

buffered charcoal yeast extract is used for

Legionella pneumophilia

“Complete absence of dystrophin protein”

DMD

“Reduced or abnormal dystrophin protein”

Becker muscular dystrophy

Spatial summation

Recruiting more motor units to increase muscle force

Active tension is caused by

Cross bridge formation and contraction after stimulation

Type 2 muscle spindles controls the

Degree of stretch of the muscle

Endospores are

Metabolically dormant

Infectivity

How often an infection is transmitted

Pathogenicity

The number of persons who develop disease divide by the total number infected

Virulence

The number of fatal or severe cases divided by the total number of cases

Incidence

the number of new cases of a disease within a

specified period, and also the number of new cases divided by the

size of the population under surveillance.

Prevalence

The total number of cases existing in a given

population at risk at a given point in time or during a defined period

(cases per 100,000).

“By cross-bridge formation and contraction after stimulation”

Active tension

Lymphatic vessels path

Collect lymph (originate from

plasma) → lymph nodes

• Efferent lymphatic vessel →lymphatic trunk or thoracic duct → subclavian vein →superior vena cava

The germinal center and mantel zone and corona is in which layer of lymphatic tissue

Secondary nodule

Small lymphocytes are in

Small lymphocytes

“Display Ag/Ab complexes for years”

Follicular DC

“Important for memory B-cells & affinity maturation”

Follicular DC

“Fc receptors/no MHC class II”

Follicular DC

C5 is located at the

Thyroid cartilage body

C4 is located at the

Superior aspect of the thyroid cartilage

_____ measures the severity of a disease—specifically, the proportion of severe or fatal cases among those who develop illness.

Virulence

If γ-motor neurons are damaged, spindles become slack when the muscle shortens →

reduced ability to detect stretch or maintain tone

Name two Gram-positive genera that form endospores.

Bacillus and Clostridium.

Describe conjugation.

DNA transfer through a pilus between two bacterial cells.

Describe conjugation.

DNA transfer through a pilus between two bacterial cells.

What forms membrane attack complex (MAC)?

Complement proteins C5b–C9 → 10 nm pore kills bacteria.

H and E does not stain ____ well

Elastin well

“Forms reticular fibers in soft tissue stroma, not arteries.”

Type III collagen

M1 subtype =

tissue injury

M2 subtype =

repair

• “Phagocytic cells containing lysosomes”

• “Surface receptors for pathogens”

• “Derived from circulating monocytes”

• “Antigen-presenting cells”

• “Fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in chronic inflammation”

Macrophages

Reticular CT

Type III collagen mesh in lymphoid organs; not in umbilical cord.

Sabouraud (potato) agar” →

Standard fungal medium

ergosterol is in

Fungal membrane

Tubular branching filaments / hyphae” →

Mold

Terbinafine (Lamisil) inhibits ergosterol synthesis” →

Great for dermatophytes/onchomycosis

Flucytosine serves as a

Pyrimidine analogue to block DNA/RNA synthesis block

Griseofulvin disrupts ____

Microtubles

Azoles inhibit

Ergosterol synthesis

Echinocandins inhibit

Beta glucagon synthesis which affects caspofungin so the cell wall is inhibited

Non-septate hyphae with right-angle (≈90°) branching →

Mucor and Rhizopus

Aspergillus fumigatus –

septate hyphae, acute-angle (~45°) branching, not 90°.

What triggers cross-bridge formation?

Rise in intracellular Ca²⁺ levels

Which training leads to hypertrophy and IIa → IIb/IIx conversion?

Resistance (strength) training

Difference between disuse and denervation atrophy?

Disuse = immobilization; Denervation = motor nerve damage

Define isotonic contraction.

Length changes, tension constant

Type Ib afferent neuron role?

From Golgi tendon organ, signals force

What neurons control skeletal muscle contraction?

α motor neurons (from spinal cord

Force-velocity relationship depends on?

Afterload; lighter load = faster contraction

Treatment set up for AC1 anterior and mandible

Rotate Away

Anterior Cervical Set up for 2-6

F Sa Ra

Counterstrain Set Up for AC 7

F stra (the only one on the cervical spine that’s like this)

Why is the set up for AC 7 F Staw

To shorten to SCM

CS set up for AC 8

F Sara

You can use the “sidebending head on a pike” method for the

OA

“Shallow sulcus in the OA region on the left”

Side bent to the left because the atlas is in a bowl

To diagnose the AA you must

Be standing

What zone of the lymph node is T-cell-rich?

The paracortex

What are the three main types of lymphocytes?

T-cells, B-cells, and NK (natural killer) cells.

Two hormones, A and B, have similar structures. Hormone A normally binds its own receptor, but at high concentrations, it also activates receptor B’s pathway, producing some of hormone B’s effects.

Which of the following mechanisms best explains this phenomenon?

Hormone spillover

intracellular receptors (like steroid or thyroid hormone receptors) act

Slowly

Thyroxine is

Lipid-soluable