Bio Molecules- practical

The steps for scientific Method

1. Make an observation

2. Ask a question or identify a problem

3. Make an informed hypothesis

4. Design a testable experiment

5. Test the hypothesis (accept or reject it)

6. Draw conclusions 

7. Report your results

What are macromolecules made from?

smaller subunits called monomers

Monomer 

small molecule that serves as a basic building bloc for larger molecules calledpolymers

Examples of Macromolecules

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

Monomers for proteins 

amino acids

what are Peptides and how are they bonded by?

long chains fo amino acids connected by peptides bonds

Proteins (polypeptides)

• monomers connected via a peptide bonds —> this bond is formed through dehydration synthesis 

• formed via translation 

What are carbohydrates made up of…? 

• carbon, hydrogen, oxgen ( ratio 1:2:1) 

What are carbohydrates monomer:

• they are.called monosaccarides 

• example: 

glucose, fructose, galactose

How are carbohydrates monomers connected together?

• bond: glycosidic bond link with monosaccharides

How to make sucrose

glucose + fructose

How to make lactose 

glucose + galactose 

How to make Maltose

glucose + glucose

An example of polysaacharides

starch

How is the glycosidic bond formed?

dehydration synthesis

types of Lipids

• fats (triglycerides) and phospholipids

What is the hydrophilic head made up of?

glycerol

What is the hydrophobic chain (tail) made up wtih?

fatty acids

How are glycerol and fatty acids joined together by

ester bonds 

How are ester bonds formed?

through dehydration synthesis

what are Nucleic Acids?

DNA and RNA

What are nucleic acids made up by?

a phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar(pentose sugar), a nitrogenous base

What is a sugar for RNA? 

Pentose 

What is a sugar for DNA?

deoxyribose

What are monomers for nucleic acids? 

nucleotides

How are nucleotides connected by?

Phosphodiester bonds

How are these phosphodiester bonds formed?

Through dehydration synthesis

How can nucleic acids be visualized by?

dyes or by using gel electrophoresis

1) ethidium bromide (E+Br)

2) SYBR safe