Chapters 7-10 Review Flashcards

Vocabulary practice cards reflecting the main terminology, statistics, and examples found in the Chapters 7-10 lecture transcript.

Puberty

The period in which adolescents reach sexual maturity and achieve the capacity for sexual reproduction (p. 244).

Early-maturing girls

Adolescents who experience increased vulnerability to problems including smoking, drinking alcohol, depression, eating disorders, and earlier dating experiences (p. 246).

Late-maturing boys

A group that by their $30s$ often develops a stronger sense of identity compared to early-maturing counterparts (p. 246).

Testosterone

The hormone that dominates in male pubertal development, associated with genital development, height increase, and voice change (p. 245).

Estradiol

The hormone that dominates in female pubertal development, associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal development (p. 245).

Menarche

A girl's first menstruation (p. 245).

Historical trend of menarche

The average age of menarche has declined significantly since the mid-nineteenth century (p. 245).

Spermarche

The male counterpart to menarche, marking the beginning of sperm development (p. 1 of Quiz Review).

Adolescent growth spurt (Girls)

Physical peak that occurs approximately $2$ years earlier than in boys, at an average age of $11\frac{1}{2}$ (p. 245).

Adolescent growth spurt (Boys)

Physical peak that occurs at an average age of $13\frac{1}{2}$ (p. 245).

Adolescent sleep patterns

The biological shift in which adolescents go to bed much later than younger children due to a delay in melatonin release (p. 251).

Melatonin delay

A shift in the biological clock of adolescents that delays the release of this sleep-inducing hormone by about one hour (p. 251).

Sleep deprivation Cause: Electronic media

One of several factors contributing to the lack of sleep in modern adolescents (p. 251).

Sleep deprivation Cause: Caffeine

The consumption of these types of beverages is a noted factor in adolescent sleep deficiency (p. 251).

Sleep deprivation Cause: Academic expectations

High pressure relating to school performance that contributes to reduced sleep (p. 251).

Sleep deprivation Cause: School start times

The impact of early morning schedules on adolescent rest (p. 251).

Sleep deprivation Cause: After-school activities

Extracurricular involvements that reduce the time available for adolescent sleep (p. 251).

Sleep deprivation Cause: Part-time jobs

Employment responsibilities that contribute to sleep deprivation in youth (p. 251).

Sleep deprivation Symptom: Depression

A mental health feeling that increases when adolescents do not get enough sleep (p. 251).

Sleep deprivation Symptom: Anxiety

A common emotional disturbance associated with inadequate rest in adolescence (p. 251).

Sleep deprivation Symptom: Overweight

A physical health consequence associated with chronic sleep loss during adolescence (p. 251).

Sleep deprivation Symptom: Difficulty concentrating

A cognitive impairment caused by a lack of restorative sleep (p. 251).

Sleep deprivation Symptom: Falling asleep in school

A behavioral manifestation of severe sleep deficiency during the school day (p. 251).

Adolescent pregnancy reduction strategy

The most effective approach in North America which involves empowering girls (p. 249).

Girls Inc.

An organization providing programs like Growing Together and Taking Care of Business to reduce adolescent pregnancy (p. 249).

Growing Together

A specific Girls Inc. program designed for empowering girls (p. 249).

Will Power/Won't Power

A Girls Inc. program that helps girls practice assertiveness and saying no in sexual situations (p. 249).

Taking Care of Business

An empowerment program for girls offered through Girls Inc. (p. 249).

Switzerland

The country identified as having the lowest adolescent pregnancy rate (p. 249).

Canada's pregnancy rank

A country ranked higher than Switzerland but comparably to Sweden in adolescent pregnancy (p. 249).

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by a consistent binge-and-purge pattern (p. 255).

Binge-and-purge pattern

The practice of periodically overeating followed by self-induced vomiting or use of laxatives (p. 255).

Anorexia Nervosa

A disorder involving the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation (p. 255).

Anorexia weight criterion

A condition where an individual maintains a weight less than $85$ percent of what is considered normal for their age and height (p. 255).

Fear of weight gain

An intense and persistent anxiety found in individuals with Anorexia Nervosa (p. 255).

Distorted body image

A symptom of Anorexia Nervosa where the individual perceives themselves as overweight despite being dangerously thin (p. 255).

Imaginary audience

The adolescent belief that others are as interested in them as they are in themselves, leading to self-consciousness (p. 257).

Personal fable

A part of adolescent egocentrism characterized by a sense of uniqueness and invincibility (p. 257).

Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage

A cognitive stage where thought is more abstract, idealistic, and logical than the concrete operational stage (p. 256).

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

The ability to develop hypotheses and systematically deduce the best path to follow for problem-solving (p. 256).

Adolescent egocentrism

The heightened self-consciousness that characterizes the adolescent developmental period (p. 257).

Identity versus identity confusion

Erikson’s fifth developmental stage, which occurs during adolescence (p. 268).

Psychosocial moratorium

The gap between childhood security and adult autonomy where society allows adolescents to try out different identities (p. 268).

Marcia's four phases

The framework used to describe the status of adolescent identity formation (pp. 269-270).

Identity diffusion

A status where individuals have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments (p. 269).

Identity foreclosure

A status where individuals have made a commitment without experiencing a crisis, often following parental expectations (p. 269).

Identity moratorium

A status where individuals are in the midst of a crisis/exploration but have not yet made a commitment (p. 269).

Identity achievement

A status where individuals have undergone a crisis and made a commitment (p. 269).

Difference between diffusion and moratorium

In diffusion, there is no exploration underway; in moratorium, the individual is actively exploring/in crisis (p. 269).

Ethnic identity

An enduring aspect of the self that includes membership in an ethnic group and related attitudes (p. 270).

Bicultural identity

Identifying both with one's own ethnic group and with the majority culture (p. 270).

Four common adolescent problems

Risk taking, bullying, depression, and suicide (pp. 288-296).

Old model of parenting adolescents

The view that adolescents detach from parents and that conflict is intense and stressful (p. 276).

New model of parenting adolescents

The view that parents are important attachment figures and conflict is generally moderate (p. 276).

Rite of passage

A ceremony or ritual marking an individual’s transition from one status to another (p. 285).

Discontinuous process

The nature of rites of passage, as they are marked by specific, discrete ceremonies (p. 285).

Jurisdictional conflict

Parent-adolescent tension caused by teens pushing for personal control over daily life versus parent safety concerns (p. 275).

Clique

A small group ranging from $2$ to $12$ individuals, usually of the same gender and age (p. 280).

Crowd

A large, reputation-based group that is less personal than a clique (p. 281).

Loneliness

A consequence for adolescents who have no close friends (p. 279).

Reduced sense of self-worth

An emotional outcome of having no close social support in adolescence (p. 279).

Kaiser survey (2009)

A study mentioned in the review notes regarding adolescent media consumption (p. 2).

Sensation seeking

A behavioral tendency in adolescence involving hazardous activities for the sake of a thrill (p. 288).

Cyberbullying

The use of electronic media, such as blogs or texts, to target and distress a student (p. 292).

Living in the shadow

A description of adolescent depression where one fears the return of bad feelings and the inability to find help (p. 294).

FGM/C

Female genital mutilation/cutting, a traditional rite of passage in some Kenyan Maasai and Somali communities (p. 285).

CLARP

Community-led alternative rites of passage used to reduce FGM/C (p. 285).

Jewish bar/bat mitzvah

A religious ceremony cited as a Western example of a rite of passage (p. 286).

Catholic confirmation

A religious ritual serving as a rite of passage into the church community (p. 286).

Emerging adulthood

Arnett's term for the transition from $18$ to $29$ years old involving identity and career exploration (p. 299).

Arnett

The psychologist who defined the period of emerging adulthood (p. 299).

Established adulthood

The period from ages $30-45$ characterized by career and family responsibilities (p. 300).

Career-and-care crunch

A phrase describing the dual pressure of career development and caring for children or partners in established adulthood (p. 300).

Education completion

The first marker of becoming an adult according to Statistics Canada (p. 301).

Independent residence

The second marker of adult status involving living away from parents (p. 301).

Work experience criterion

The Statistics Canada marker of adult status requiring one year of full-time work (p. 301).

Conjugal relationship

Participation in this type of partnership is the fourth marker of adulthood (p. 301).

Parenting marker

The final transition into adulthood as identified by Statistics Canada (p. 301).

Economic independence

A defining factor of adulthood that is increasingly challenging for youth today (p. 301).

Peak physical performance

Reached by most people between the ages of $19$ and $26$ (p. 301).

Muscle tone decline

Signs of reduction in strength and tone that usually begin at age $30$ (p. 301).

Emerging adult mortality

A rate that is more than twice as high as that of adolescents (p. 302).

Main causes of emerging adult mortality

Accidents and suicides (p. 302).

Peak age for binge drinking

The age range of $21-22$ years (p. 306).

Binge drinking consequences

Includes fights, unplanned unprotected sex, and suicidal ideation (p. 311).

Exercise and self-concept

The positive correlation between physical activity and one's view of themselves (p. 304).

Mental health and exercise

Physical activity is associated with lower rates of anxiety and depression (p. 304).

Postformal thought

Thinking that is reflective, relativistic, contextual, and influenced by emotion (p. 312).

Reflective thought

An element of postformal thought involving deep consideration of information (p. 312).

Relativistic thought

An element of postformal thought acknowledging that truth may vary by situation (p. 312).

Realistic thought

A characteristic of postformal thought where abstract ideals meet practical realities (p. 312).

Career mystique

Moen’s term for the belief that long hours and hard work lead to status and security (p. 317).

Moen

The individual who researched the cultural beliefs associated with the career mystique (p. 317).

FLOW

Csikszentmihalyi's concept of being fully absorbed in a task with heightened pleasure (p. 313).

Csikszentmihalyi

The psychologist who identified strategies for achieving and staying in a state of FLOW (p. 313).

FLOW strategy: Cultivate curiosity

The practice of maintaining interest in the world to stimulate creativity (p. 313).

FLOW strategy: Daily surprise

Trying to be surprised by something new every day to stay engaged (p. 313).

FLOW strategy: Surprise others

The act of surprising at least one person every day (p. 313).

FLOW strategy: Documentation

Writing down what surprised you to reflect on creative moments (p. 314).

FLOW strategy: Interests

Following your own natural curiosities to foster engagement (p. 314).