BJU Biology, Chapter 6, 5th edition ⭐

polymerase: RNA polymerase

first the cell unzips DNA just as if it were under going replication. But instead of DNA _____ stepping in, another enzyme called ___ _____ begins to make a copy of one side of the chain.

autotrophs

This term describes organisms that make their own food for energy (producers).

heterotrophs

This term describes organisms that cannot make their own food and must eat other organisms to get energy.

anabolism

This process takes small molecules and combines them and the stored energy into larger molecules to save for later cell use.

catabolism

This process breaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules to release energy.

metabolism

The sum of all chemical processes to get, save, and spend energy that occur in an organism (includes anabolism and catabolism).

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

This is used by cells to store and release energy for immediate use (like pocket change to buy pop). The majority of energy is stored in the bond between the second and third phosphate group.

adenosine diphosphate

This molecule is produced when ATP reacts with water to remove the third phosphate group and release energy for the cell to use (this can be recycled by adding food energy to it to make more ATP).

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

The molecule that stores the information for the cell and directs its processes. It consists of nucleotides (a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base). The sugar and phosphate are the sides of the ladder with rungs of nucleotide base pairs. It forms a twisted double helix shape.

replication

The copying process occurring in the nucleus by which a cell duplicates its DNA. It makes a "replica" of itself and unzips like a zipper, adds complimentary base pairs, and makes two new DNA molecules that are exactly alike.

mutation

A random change in the bases in a DNA molecule (could include a nucleotide being inserted, deleted, or skipped). Usually is corrected by repair enzymes.

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A molecule made of a single strand of nucleotides (a ribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen-containing base). It contains the base uracil instead of thymine. There are three forms of this.

transcription

The process that occurs in the nucleus in which a Messenger RNA molecule is made from the original DNA molecule with the help of RNA polymerase enzyme. (typed copy)

translation

The process that occurs at a ribosome in the cytoplasm. The Messenger RNA is decoded by a ribosome (made of Ribosomal RNA) and a protein is produced with the help of Transfer RNA molecules that bring in amino acids.

mRNA

This form of RNA carries the message (RNA copy) out of a nuclear pore (window in the nucleus) to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.

rRNA

This form of RNA makes up ribosomes and reads the message to make proteins.

anticodons

These are on the tRNA molecules and align with codons on the mRNA to properly position amino acids for the new protein. (base pairs)

protein synthesis

The process by which ribosomes build a sequence of amino acids into a protein based on the DNA code for that protein.

codons

Triplets of nucleotide bases in the mRNA transcript that code for an amino acid during translation.

base pair

In the "ladder" of DNA, we call these two nucleotide bases that bond together with a hydrogen bond between them a ________ ___________. (Apple in a Tree and Car in a Garage)

tRNA

This form of RNA has an anticodon that pairs with the codon on the message so that this RNA molecule lets go of the amino acid it carries so the amino acid can become part of the protein.

double helix

two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA

RNA is a single strand, rather than a double helix. in RNA strands, thymine is replaced by uracil. Also, the sugar part of the nucleotides in RNA is different than the ones in DNA, having one extra oxygen

differences between DNA and RNA

Introns

sections of the RNA transcript that don't contain information about the protein being produced.

Exons

are sections of the RNA that code for proteins, included in the final versions of RNA transcript that is sent out of the nucleus to be translated into proteins.

uracil

Nitrogen base that pairs with adenine in RNA.

Ribosome

there are three sites two hold tRNAs with there amino acids, and a third is the exit site for tRNAs that have already lost there amino acid to the protein chain.

catabolism breaks stuff down while anabolism builds stuff up

how are the two types of metabolic processes related?

because if they keep breaking down they die and if they keep building up they die

why do living things need both anabolic and catabolic processes?

in bonds that attatches the last phosphate group in ADP

where is energy stored in ATP?

sugar and phosphate groups and a base pair

which part of a nucleotide form the backbone and rungs of the double helix?

hydrogen bonds

What holds a base pair together?

enzymes

What unzips DNA for replication?

rna is a single strand while dna is a double strand, rna uses uracil while dna uses thymine, rna uses a different sugar base than dna.

List three ways RNA is different from DNA?

transciption is when DNA changes to Rna and translation is when rna starts "read it and make proteins

what is the difference between transcription and translation?

DNA is transcribed into rna which assembles proteins

Explain how a protein comes from DNA

true

t or f: living things get their energy from ATP

false

t or f: when living things eat they take in ATP

false

t or f: adenine is an example of a nucleotide

false

t or f: during DNA replication, the cell makes a perfect copy every time.

false

t or f: codons are the three parts of a nucleotide

false

to or f: the different types of RNA are the same strand of RNA in different places in the cell

true

t or f: there are three types of RNA involved in making proteins

peptide bond

when two anticodons are lined up with their corresponding codons, they dock to form what

Guanine, Uracil, Adenine, Cytosine

the 4 types of codons found in RNA

Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine, Adenine

4 Types of nucleobases that pair to make base pairs in DNA

64

How many different codon combinations are there?

25

how many codons are there