Intelectual Revolution

Human Needs and Wants

Most of the discoveries and inventions in Science and Technology during ancient times were due to?

The Scientific Revolution

There are instances when advancements in Science and Technology changed people’s perceptions and beliefs, this is known as?

16th to 18th century

How long did the Scientific Revolution last?

During the Renaissance Period

When did the Intellectual Revolution start?

IR: Broader disciplines like philosophy, literature, arts, and politics
SR: Focused on Science like natural sciences such as physics, astronomy, and biology

What was the difference of the Intellectual Revolution and the Scientific Revolution in terms of scope?

IR: emphasized human reasoning, logic, and rationality
SR: emphasis on empirical observation, experimentation, and development of scientific methods

What was the main difference between IR and SR in terms of Methodology?

Greek Philosopher Anaximander

Drew the first map of the world with the earth taking the shape of a cylinder floating in the center of the universe.

Anaximander

Also believed that the Sun & Moon were hollow rings of fire & that eclipses were the result of these rings closing

Cylinder

The first map of the world drawn by Greek Philosopher, Anaximander depicted earth as what shape?

Pythagoras

Was the first to suggest that the earth was a sphere

Plato

Believed that cosmos is made up of matter in geometric shapes

Aristotle

Posited that the Earth was the center of the universe with all other celestial bodies arranged in concentric crystalline spheres around it

Ptolemy

Populalarized the geocentric model, made a refined explanation that the Earth was unmoving while the Sun, planets, and stars revolved around it

Nicolaus Copernicus

In the 16^th century, _________ ________, a Polish mathematician and astronomer introduced the Heliocentrism.

Heliocentrism

The Idea that the center of the Solar System is the sun which was introduced by Polish Astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus is called?

Heliocentrism by Nicolaus Copernicus

His model gained respect and recognition only after almost 100 years through further exploration by Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei& became a period which is called the Birth of Modern Astronomy and began what was known as the Scientific Revolution

Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion

All planets revolved around the sun not in circular orbits but elliptical ones.

Elliptical Orbits

According to Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion, all planets that revolved around the sun do so in what kind of orbit?

faster

Does a planet move/orbit faster or slower when it is closer to the sun

Tycho Brahe

Proposed his own model, geoheliocentrism, stating that the earth is fixed center, while the sun and moon orbit the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun

Geoheliocentrism

Tychonic System is the belief that the earth is fixed center while the sun and moon orbit around it. This idea is also called?

Galileo Galilei

Using the telescope he constructed, he was able to observe the movements of the moon, Venus, Jupiter and its satellites and the Earth orbiting around the sun

Galileo Galilei

First to observe the craters of the moon and Discovered the existence of sunspots

Galileo Galilei

Discovered the correct relationship between distance, velocity and acceleration using the new scientific method

Law of Inertia

Newtons first law of motion is also called?

Law of Acceleration

Newton’s second law of motion is also called?

Action Reaction Law

Newton’s third law of motion is also called?

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

The fundamental principle of Newton’s third law of motion

An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.

What does Newton’s First Law of Motion state?

F=ma

What is the formula associated with Newton’s Second Law of Motion?

How the acceleration of an object depends on its mass and the net force acting on it.

What does Newton’s Second Law explain?

Universal Law of Gravitation

Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their mass and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

Universally but usually only on Celestial Bodies

Newton’s law of universal gravitation only applies to what?

Charles Darwin

Is known as the father of evolution

On the Origin of Species

In 1859, Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, biologist, and geologist published this book that introduced the theory of evolution and the process of natural selection

Process of natural selection

An Idea from Darwin’s theory of evolution that states only the fittest would survive

Evolution

Darwin also stated that organism have the ability to adapt to their environment and would gradually change into something that would be more competitive to survive, a process known as?

Sigmund Freud

Change people’s perception of psychology with his revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis(study of human behavior).

Theory of psychoanalysis

Introduced by sigmund frued and is also known as the study of human behavior

Father of Psychoanalysis

He had a book on psychoanalysis that detailed the methodology of treating mental illnesses, which earned him the title?

Sigmund Frued

He explained that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence behavior and emotions.

id, ego, and superego

He also argued that personality is a product of 3 conflicting elements, what are these three elements?

Id

Unconscious & most basic part of our personality, said to be present since birth, and operates by the pleasure principle

Id

Seeks instant gratification for our desires, ,wants, & needs to avoid feeling anything other than pleasure, and if these needs or wants are not met, a person can become tense, anxious, or angry

Id

Childish & impulsive part of us that just does what it wants, & it wants things really intensely & doesn’t really think about consequences, and it does not mature and resides within every individual as he or she ages

Id

Is instinctive, primitive, chaotic, impulsive, irrational, selfish, and is also known as the Pleasure Principle

Id

Sally was thirsty. Rather than waiting for the server to refill her glass of water, she reached across the table and drank from Mr. Antonio's water glass, much to his surprise. This is an example of?

Id

A hungry baby cried until he was fed. This is an example of what?

Ego

It functions as a “referee” that balances the needs of the ID against the demands & expectations of society

Biological, Psychological, and social

Id, Ego, and Superego are also known as? (In the same order)

Ego

It controls & regulates a person in accordance with the outside world, thus maintains realistic & logical thinking to satisfy one’s needs in a socially acceptable manner

Ego

May mean delaying gratification & helping to get rid of the tension the ID feels if a desire is not met right away

Ego

Recognizes that other people have needs & wants too, & being selfish isn’t good in the long run

Ego

Is rational, logical, with delayed gratification, and is the most conscious. It is also known as the Reality Principle

Ego

Sally was thirsty. However, she knew that her server would be back soon to refill her water glass, so she waited until then to get a drink, even though she really just wanted to drink from Mr. Antonio‘s glass. This is an example of what?

Superego

Based on morals & judgments about right & wrong, Ethical component; judicial structure of the personality

Superego

Ego ideal includes the rules & standards for good behavior one has learned from his or her parents & other figures of authority

Superego

Conscience ego leaves room for self-evaluation & criticism, ruled by a reward & punishment system. It works regardless of perceived consequences or benefits

Superego

Often does not maintain the idea of “the end justifies the means.”

Superego

It includes Ideals, Standards for judgement, and ideas of perfect and civilized. It also contains the idea of How we ought to act

Superego

Sarah knew she could steal the supplies in her office and no one would know about it. However, she knew that stealing was wrong, so she decided not to take anything even though she would probably never get caught. This is an example of?

Robert Boyle

1^st rational chemist, considered the first modern chemist & one of the founders of modern chemistry,  discovered the volume of a gas decreases with increasing pressure and vice versa—the famous law named after him.

Francis Bacon

Initiated what was to become the scientific method of the New or Modern Science by advocating that all knowledge should be based on evidence, observations and experiments; inductive method in science

Christiaan Huygens

A mathematician, physicist and astronomer who formulated the wave theory of light;  discovered the pendulum clock, centrifugal force and the true shape of the rings of Saturn (as well as its moon, Titan); is also credited as the first theoretical physicist to use formulae in physics.

Rober Hooke

Stated that the force required to extend or compress a spring is proportional to the distance of that extension or compression.

William Harvey

First person to correctly describe blood’s circulation in the body, showed that arteries and veins form a complete circuit and that circuit starts at the heart and leads back to the heart.

William Gilbert

Discovered that our planet has two magnetic poles; he defined these poles correctly and established that the earth behaves like a giant magnet.

Rene Descartes

"Father of Modern Philosophy“; inventor of the Cartesian coordinate system and the founder of analytic geometry, crucial to the invention of calculus and mathematical analysis

Giordano Bruno

Martyred Italian monk who spread Copernicus’s theory of heliocentrism

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

The “Father of Microbiology” who discovered bacteria, discovered spermatozoa (sperm cell) in humans and other mammals and in mollusks, fish, amphibians, and birds.