HIST 2312 EXAM ONE KAHNE PARSONS SPRING 2019

The goal of Peter the Great's foreign policy was to:

A. secure territories in the New World.

B. conquer the Ottoman Empire.

C. secure year-round ports for Russia.

D. open up a land route to Asia.

E. annex Prussia.

secure year-round ports for Russia.

After obtaining their independence, the seven provinces of the Dutch Republic:

A. asked James II of England to become their ruler.

B. established a general assembly known as the States General.

C. elected their first president.

D. were badly defeated by Louis XIV and completely absorbed into France.

E. became a theocracy.

established a general assembly known as the States General.

The League of Augsburg originally was intended to

A. prevent Russia from ever becoming a major power.

B. complete the domination of the region by Protestant countries.

C. construct a single powerful state in Europe to establish order.

D. resist the expansionist policies of Louis XIV.

E. defend Europe against the Ottomans.

resist the expansionist policies of Louis XIV.

The power of the Ottomans in Europe declined significantly after

A. their failed assault on Vienna in 1683.

B. Louis XIV withdrew his support for them.

C. the League of Augsburg defeated them in the Balkans.

D. they were attacked from the east by Persian armies.

E. Peter the Great defeated them in a major naval war.

their failed assault on Vienna in 1683

Colbert's mercantilist policies were designed to

A.develop economic power to strengthen royal government.

B.negate high tariffs.

C.promote free enterprise.

D.produce fair-trade rules.

E.create a common currency for all trading partners

develop economic power to strengthen royal government.

In order to strengthen the French navy, Colbert pursued a mercantilist policy that: In order to strengthen the French navy, Colbert pursued a mercantilist policy that:

A. urged France to develop preferential trading ties with Scandinavia for timber.

B. nearly destroyed all of France's forests.

C. concentrated on arming French merchant vessels.

D. sold French wine to buy English sails.

E. established a number of industries associated with naval construction within France itself to make sure France would be self-sufficient in naval stores.

established a number of industries associated with naval construction within France itself to make sure France would be self-sufficient in naval stores.

The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) altered the balance of power in Europe by:

A. increasing the power of Spain beyond that of France and Great Britain.

B. making Holland the dominant sea power in the New World.

C. giving France desirable British territory in North America and the income from those colonies.

D. placing France and Spain under the same ruler.

E. giving Great Britain trading rights and desirable French territory in the New World.

giving Great Britain trading rights and desirable French territory in the New World

Guided by the powerful merchant families, the Dutch Republic was able for some time to

A. establish more colonies in North America than either England or France.

B. wage war successfully against its traditional enemy, Spain.

C. return Dutch peasants to the status of serfs.

D. establish a highly profitable trading empire.

E. advise Peter the Great of Russia.

establish a highly profitable trading empire

The balance of power in eastern Europe was realigned in 1721 with the Peace of

A. Utrecht.

B. Livonia.

C. Versailles.

D. Estonia.

E. Nystad.

Nystad

Absolutist rulers such as Louis XIV sought control over the state because:

A. the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries were times of great disorder in Europe.

B. they wanted to strengthen the power of the Church and the papacy.

C. they were vulnerable to personal attacks - even in their own palaces.

D. they knew, rather than parliaments, what was best for their subjects.

E. they were hoping to strengthen the power of parliaments and representative assemblies.

the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries were times of great disorder in Europe.

The War of the Spanish Succession was fought when the Spanish king, _________, died without an heir.

A. William of Orange

B. Leopold I

C. Philip of Anjoub

D. Charles II

E. Philip II

Charles II

The foundations of the growth of Prussia were laid by: A. John Sobieski.

B. Frederick William, the "Great Elector."

C. Leopold I.

D. Charles II.

E. William I.

Frederick William, the "Great Elector."

The government of France under Louis XIV would be best described as A. highly decentralized. Louis appointed able people and left them alone to do their jobs.

B. a constitutional monarchy, with a system of checks and balances between the different branches.

C. highly centralized, with everyone being appointed by and reporting to the king.

D. uneven, as every government official simply tried to do what they thought the king wanted.

E. chaotic, with no clear lines of authority or responsibility.

highly centralized, with everyone being appointed by and reporting to the king.

The relatively peaceful transfer of power to William and Mary and the establishment of a mixed monarchy are often referred to as

A. the "Glorious Revolution."

B. Parliamentary ascendancy.

C. Magna Carta.

D. the founding of the English republic.

E. the British constitution.

the "Glorious Revolution."

During the 1670s, England's powerful elites divided into two factions. One was the Tories, who were:

A. fierce opponents of the crown.

B. neither for nor against the crown but very opposed to the Church of England.

C. the intellectual wing of the Whig party.

D. political supporters of Charles II and the monarchy.

E. middle-class merchants in English towns.

political supporters of Charles II and the monarchy.

The wars of Louis XIV:

A. allowed Louis to construct his palace at Versailles.

B. were enormously successful and extended French power throughout Europe.

C. were fought to eradicate the Huguenots and Jansenists.

D. led to the defeat of Spain in the War of the Spanish Succession.

E. were an enormous drain on the treasury of France.

were an enormous drain on the treasury of France.

By 1688, England had arrived at a kind of constitutional settlement but it was still grappling with two key questions, one of which was

A. should Charles II be restored as king of England.

B. if a republican oligarchy should be instituted, as was the case in Venice.

C. whether England should become a republic.

D. the religious question.

E. whether a monarchy should be permanently institutionalized

should Charles II be restored as king of England

According to the justification given for absolutism, the fundamental basis for order and justice in the world is

A. religion.

B. obedience.

C. fairness.

D. power.

E. fear.

obedience

French colonies in North America were intended to be trading centers and

A. an experiment in democratic government.

B. a refuge for oppressed French Catholics.

C. military outposts.

D. plantations for the production of sugar.

E. transshipment ports for world trade

military outposts

Which of the following countries developed into an autocracy during the early modern period but also underwent a process of modernization and westernization?

A. Russia

B. Sweden

C. Austria

D. England

E. France

Russia

One tenet of mercantilism was the:

A. encouragement of free trade.

B. avoidance of establishing expensive overseas colonies.

C. prohibition of the exportation of any native goods.

D. promotion of agricultural productivity.

E. reduction of imports and an increase in exports.

reduction of imports and an increase in exports.

In his Two Treatises of Government, John Locke argued that:

A. the theory upholding the absolute, divine right of kings was unassailable.

B. no group of people has the right to dissolve civil society.

C. kings should rule society absolutely, as fathers rule households.

D. legitimate government authority is conditional and contractual.

E. wealth should be distributed equally among all members of society.

legitimate government authority is conditional and contractual.

In Holland, a steward known as the stadtholder assisted the government. This office commonly was held by:

A. the prime minster of the republic.

B. the kings of England.

C. the princes of the House of Orange.

D. an elected German prince.

E. the bishop of Antwerp.

the princes of the House of Orange

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, absolutism was a political theory that was strengthened by

A. claims of divine right.

B. the will and desire of citizens.

C. military and economic alliances.

D. acts of Parliament.

E. the democratic ideals of early Renaissance republics.

claims of divine right

To proceed logically from one certainty to another is to practice

A. deductive reasoning.

B. reductive reasoning.

C. inductive reasoning.

D. conductive reasoning.

E. transactional reasoning.

deductive reasoning

The Renaissance also gave rise to a vogue for ______, which laid more social and intellectual groundwork for the scientific revolution

A. occultism

B. astronomy

C. prosecuting witchcraft

D. alchemy and astrology

E. restraint and modesty

alchemy and astrology

It was Isaac Newton's invention of the ___________ that earned him election to the Royal Society in 1672

A. reflecting telescope

B. quadralens telescope

C. oscilloscope

D. gravitimeter

E. prismatic microscope

reflecting telescope

The scientific revolution itself and its results

A. overwhelmingly confirmed the mythological explanations of the origins of life.

B. were slow in being popularly understood and accepted.

C. became immediate successes across wide sections of society.

D. justified political revolutions.

E. led to the nearly complete rejection of the major religions

were slow in being popularly understood and accepted

The humanists of the late Renaissance disseminated ancient texts that encouraged study and debate. This dispersal was facilitated by

A. the development of quick-drying ink.

B. the discovery in the late sixteenth century of the complete works of Plato.

C. the widespread use of the printing press.

D. new translations from the Islamic world.

E. the removal of the works of Aristotle from the Index of Forbidden Works.

the widespread use of the printing press.

Renaissance intellectuals often needed tools and machines to enhance their observations. During this period, collaboration between intellectuals and ___________________ flourished

A. bankers who could finance research

B. research and development specialists

C. factories

D. artisans

E. architects

artisans

Promoting the evolution of science and sustaining the scientific revolution were:

A. societies and institutions dedicated to science.

B. three prominent German universities.

C. a few specific monasteries focused on biology.

D. the government bureaucracies of the absolutist states.

E. the writings of Turkish clerics.

societies and institutions dedicated to science

Tycho Brahe differed from Copernicus in that:

A. his work was sponsored by the Church.

B. he had powerful patrons.

C. he believed theory, not observation, was the tool to unlock the secrets of the universe.

D. he did not believe the earth orbited the sun.

E. he openly opposed the Church.

he did not believe the earth orbited the sun.

As a result of the scientific revolution, A. the advance of optics and physics was delayed for decades.

B. science became the central branch of philosophy.

C. scientists were suspected of witchcraft and sorcery.

D. science was banished from the humanist curriculum.

E. science became a distinct branch of knowledge unto itself.

science became a distinct branch of knowledge unto itself.

The intellectual and research approach that starts with specific observations and then produces general conclusions is called:

A. reactive reasoning.

B. rationalism.

C. inductive reasoning.

D. mechanism.

E. proactive reasoning.

inductive reasoning

René Descartes is most known for his work

A. The New Atlantis.

B. Novum Organum.

C. De Revolutionibus.

D. A Discourse on Method.

E. Dialogue.

A Discourse on Method

The Neoplatonists contributed to the progress of the scientific revolution by A. suggesting that there was a parallel universe.

B. refocusing intellectual activity on discerning truth through logic.

C. seeking to disprove the thinking of Plato.

D. searching for the ideal structures in nature that would indicate God's plan and design.

E. rejecting all theological thinking whatsoever.

searching for the ideal structures in nature that would indicate God's plan and design

Europeans believed, generally, in the geocentric theory of the universe, even though this model had been contradicted by empirical evidence discovered and proposed several hundred years B.C.E. by:

A. Plato.

B. Aristarchus.

C. Aristotle.

D. Archimedes.

E. Ptolemy.

Aristarchus

Francis Bacon was very concerned that

A. the royal government would censor the work of scientists.

B. scientists might miss seeing God in their work.

C. deferring to ancient and accepted knowledge could block innovation and obscure understanding.

D. speculative logic was being neglected.

E. scientists would be displaced by a new breed of clerical philosophers.

deferring to ancient and accepted knowledge could block innovation and obscure understanding.

________________ made the first challenge to the Ptolemaic conception of the universe A. Johannes Kepler

B. Nicholas Copernicus

C. Isaac Newton

D. Galileo Galilei

E. Tycho Brahe

Nicholas Copernicus

In 1638, Galileo published his book Two New Sciences, which, among other things, helped redefine the science of:

A. mercuryology.

B. tetramatics.

C. physics.

D. ecology.

E. micrology.

physics

Johannes Kepler built on the work of his mentor, Tycho Brahe, to:

A. become the first court astrologer to Christiana of Sweden.

B. correct two of Copernicus's assumptions concerning planetary motion.

C. become the first court astronomer to the Holy Roman emperor.

D. discover the undreamed galaxy.

E. correct Galileo's first law of motion.

correct two of Copernicus's assumptions concerning planetary motion

One of the key ingredients of science is

A. ancient research.

B. the logic of truth.

C. body of knowledge.

D. an overriding philosophical orientation.

E. theological accuracy.

body of knowledge

Renaissance humanists helped lay the foundation for the scientific revolution by recovering the works of Greek philosophers such as ___________, who argued that the world operated according to mechanical forces best understood through mathematics.

A. Zeno

B. Icarus

C. Thomas Aquinas

D. Demosthenes

E. Archimedes

Archimedes

One of the early experimenters in chemistry using empirical laws based on evidence was the Englishman

A. Robert Boyle.

B. William Harvey.

C. John Locke.

D. Robert Hooke.

E. Francis Bacon.

Robert Boyle

Johannes Kepler believed that _________ was God's language

A. science

B. music

C. poetry

D. astronomy

E. mathematics

mathematics

The scientific revolution established new methods of investigating the world, including:

A. the need to fit observation with spiritual reality.

B. speculation, theorizing, and inspiration.

C. the search for the first principle.

D. the testing of hypotheses.

E. refusing to be fooled by reality

the testing of hypotheses

Some of the most groundbreaking work on the nature of optics and white light was done by

A. David Hume.

B. Galileo Galilei.

C. Isaac Newton.

D. Christian Huygens.

E. John Locke.

Isaac Newton

According to the Ptolemaic system, all celestial bodies were put in motion by

A. gravity.

B. an ancient explosion.

C. the prime mover.

D. celestial wind.

E. the will of the bodies themselves

the prime mover

The eighteenth-century Enlightenment produced an elite, or high, culture that was typified by

A. its parochial nature.

B. exclusiveness, causing strict and harsh censorship.

C. its narrowness of interests.

D. its cosmopolitan nature and the evolution of public opinion.

E. inclusiveness and free acceptance of all ideas.

its cosmopolitan nature and the evolution of public opinion.

During the eighteenth century, all the economic developments and the development of a much expanded consumer culture contributed to a widely held view that

A. the world would soon come to an end.

B. everyone was living in a time of change.

C. material comfort was the most important goal in life.

D. things did not need to change.

E. the ancient world could not compare to the modern world.

everyone was living in a time of change

Closely following news of the voyages of discovery, one Enlightenment thinker, _______________, believed that the Tahitians best represented humanity in its natural state.

A. Voltaire

B. Robert Boyle

C. Adam Smith

D. Denis Diderot

E. Baron de Montesquieu

Denis Diderot

The work of _______ provided the clearest connections between science and the Enlightenment.

A. Immanuel Kant

B. David Hume

C. Baron de Montesquieu

D. Voltaire

E.Isaac Newton

David Hume

The French writer Guillaume Thomas François Raynal produced one of the most widely read works of the Enlightenment: a history of the colonization of the Atlantic world and India in which he debated whether colonization had

A. given rise to spiritual truths.

B. led to the disastrous and cruel destruction of native worlds.

C. made humanity happier, more peaceful, or better.

D. begun a process of cultural degeneration.

E. exposed the greed of Western society.

made humanity happier, more peaceful, or better

The increase in the European food supply contributed greatly to the growth and greater health of the population. Two crops from the Americas, __________________, aided this development.

A. beans and rice

B. oranges and barley

C. wheat and oats

D. maize and potatoes

E. avocados and peppers

maize and potatoes

According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, people were born into a state of natural freedom, but

A. the "social contract" had corrupted mankind.

B. private property had profoundly corrupted the "social contract."

C. absolute freedom would lead to chaos and misery.

D. it was natural for the superior individuals to have greater privileges.

E. humans craved their place in a hierarchical order.

private property had profoundly corrupted the "social contract."

The transportation improvements allowed industrialist to "__________" raw material to rural workers to be turned into finished cloth which contributed to the increased industrial production of textiles

A. circuit collection

B. edge out

C.stream-line

D. put out

E. fast track

put out

Mary Wollstonecraft maintained that middle-class culture specifically trained women to be

A. the equal partners of their mates.

B. vibrant and independent.

C. emotionally sterile.

D. seductive and dependent.

E. the foundation of all true society.

seductive and dependent.

Various societies and venues such as coffeehouses arose to break the monopoly of elites over public discussion. Among these venues were

A. salons.

B. debate theaters.

C. Catholic churches.

D. communal circles

E. agoras.

salons

The eighteenth century saw the birth of a new literary genre, the novel, and the growing acceptance of women as authors. The most famous woman from this period, as recognized today, was the English novelist

A. Mary Sand.

B. Orelia Smith.

C. Mary Ann Evans.

D. Jane Austen.

E. Moll Flanders.

Jane Austen

Probably the most famous of the philosophes was Voltaire, whose attitude toward injustice, fanaticism, and intolerance was solidified due to a murder case tried in 1762. The defendant in this case was

A. François Arouet.

B. Jean Le Rond.

C. Jean Calas.

D. Giovanni Vico.

E. Cesare Beccaria.

Jean Calas

Although much exploration was carried out by the French and the British, people from many other nations participated in the exploration of the New World. One of these, _________, was hailed by Charles Darwin as "the greatest scientific traveler who ever lived."

A. Alexander von Humboldt

B. Moses Mendelssohn

C. Paul Henri d'Holbach

D. Immanuel Kant

E. Gotthold Lessing

Alexander von Humboldt

Deists believed that

A. there is no God.

B. humankind is predestined to either heaven or hell.

C. God created the universe and then just let it run on its own.

D. humankind can know God only through nature.

E. Catholicism had become too liberal, and a return to true Christianity was needed.

God created the universe and then just let it run on its own

With the rise in literacy and the growth of the book business in the eighteenth century, censorship

A. was institutional throughout Europe.

B. was left to the Roman Catholic Church.

C. arguably kept books out of hands of the poor.

D. was surprisingly nonexistent.

E. was applied only to books for children.

arguably kept books out of hands of the poor

In The Spirit of the Laws, Baron de Montesquieu argued

A. that all political institutions ought to conform to environmental conditions.

B. that Christianity was solely responsible for the fall of the Roman Empire.

C. in favor of a strong monarchy balanced by a strong nobility.

D. that the government that governs least governs best of all.

E. in favor of the separation and balancing of the powers of government.

in favor of the separation and balancing of the powers of government

The Enlightenment was not confined to any single area of human endeavor, but was evident in the science, music, and politics of the age. Some scientific thinkers were politically conservative, whereas some political thinkers were truly radical in their views. Among this radical group was

A. René Descartes.

B. Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

C. Edmund Burke.

D. Maria Theresa.

E. David Hume.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Although the philosophes condemned slavery, they did not argue for its immediate abolition and used many different means of avoiding the issue. One of their number, _________, exposed the hypocrisy of this approach by wondering how the Europeans would view slavery if they themselves were being enslaved.

A. Denis Diderot

B. Moses Mendelssohn

C. Jean Calas

D. Voltaire

E. Baron de Montesquieu

Voltaire

One of the key cultural developments that made the Enlightenment possible was

A. a common university curriculum.

B. the cultural transferences from the overseas colonies.

C. the development of standardized languages.

D. a long period of peace.

E. a certain level of prosperity and and a core group of urbanites who could read.

a certain level of prosperity and and a core group of urbanites who could read

Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that

A. women should be raised to please men and be dependent to them.

B. there was no difference between men's and women's intellectual capacities.

C. all feelings should be repressed in favor of reason.

D. books were the best foundation for a child's education.

E. children were incapable of learning virtue or goodness until they were adults.

women should be raised to please men and be dependent to them.

When Captain James Cook visited Hawaii in January 1779,

A. he and four royal marines were killed.

B. he found gold and silver.

C. he found that slavers had already visited the islands and taken slaves.

D. he was received as if he were a god.

E. he established Britain's claim to the islands.

he and four royal marines were killed

Concentrated first in northwestern Europe, an exploding consumer economy developed. The fastest-growing sector of the eighteenth-century economy in Britain was

A. travel industry.

B. the service sector.

C. investment services.

D. agriculture.

E. manufacturing.

the service sector

A philosopher, as the term was used in the Enlightenment, can be defined as an individual who was a/an

A. philosopher by avocation.

B. freethinker.

C. trained philosopher.

D. member of the nobility.

E. ordained cleric.

freethinker

By 1801, the rebels of Saint-Domingue had

A. succeeded in negotiating a transfer of the island to Spanish colonial authorities.

B. gone on to invade British Jamaica.

C. been complete defeated.

D. become a formal province of the French government.

E. established an authoritarian but constitutional government

established an authoritarian but constitutional government

The French financial system all but broke down completely because of Louis XVI's support of

A. the English colonists in North America in their war of independence from Great Britain.

B. a free market economy urged by his finance minister and based on Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations.

C. his marriage to an Austrian princes.

D. his many mistresses and their large, extended families.

E. the parliaments in their struggle for power against the central, national government.

the English colonists in North America in their war of independence from Great Britain

To reform, regulate, and diminish the role and influence of the French Catholic Church, in July 1789 the National Assembly

A. ordered all churches closed forever.

B. exiled the Jesuits.

C. called on Rome to reexamine and reordain all priests in conjunction with the assembly's rules.

D. enacted the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.

E. passed a budget that finally supplied the Church enough revenue to operate freely but in a lesser capacity.

enacted the Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Throughout the French empire, the terms of government service and the recruitment of civil servants and members of the judiciary were established according to the concept of

A. actively recruiting well-educated aristocrats.

B. clearly defined class qualifications for jobs.

C. nepotism.

D. careers open to talent.

E. distributing government jobs to members of the dominant political parties.

careers open to talent

Eighteenth-century French society was influenced by a new, emerging group composed of

A. officeholders, professionals, merchants, and the aristocracy.

B. officeholders, merchants, philosophes, and the clergy.

C. the aristocracy, merchants, and professionals.

D. clergy, merchants, and the aristocracy.

E. the aristocracy and merchants.

officeholders, professionals, merchants, and the aristocracy

One of the goals of the early French Revolution was achieved on August 4, 1789, when the French National Assembly

A. broke with the past completely by abolishing the last remnants of feudalism.

B. abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic.

C. outlawed slavery throughout French lands.

D. declared the French Revolution to be successfully completed.

E. urged the people of Paris to march on the king at Versailles.

broke with the past completely by abolishing the last remnants of feudalism

One group that helped fuel the public discourse and the sphere in which political ideas were debated was the

A. rural tribunes.

B. immigrants from America.

C. thinkers of the Enlightenment.

D. French clergy.

E. members of the First Estate.

thinkers of the Enlightenment

In 1790, the free people of color of Saint-Domingue sent a delegation of men to join the National Assembly in Paris:

A. but the Assembly refused to admit them.

B. and they were admitted but were required to sit in the back.

C. but they were quickly seized and executed.

D. but their ship was intercepted by the French navy and forced to turn back.

E. and they were allowed to introduce a measure calling for racial equality in French territories.

but the Assembly refused to admit them

In December 1805 the battle of __________ against the combined forces of Austria and Russia became a symbol of Napoleon's invincibility

A. Austerlitz

B. Granada

C. Lithuania

D. Belgium

E. Gascony

Austerlitz

While trying to recapture Saint-Domingue and reestablish French rule, Napoleon

A. declared all slaves free.

B. reestablished slavery by decree.

C. received a peace delegation from the leaders of the revolt.

D. ordered all Europeans to leave the island.

E. sought the cooperation of the United States in suppressing the revolt.

reestablished slavery by decree

Economic reformers, called ______, added to the call for government reforms and changes in the taxation system.

A. the Third Estate

B. levelers

C. Whigs

D. capitalists

E. physiocrats

physiocrats

By the summer of 1793, the counterrevolution in the ____________ had become a serious challenge to the government under the Committee of Public Safety.

A. outskirts of Paris

B. Vendée

C. Loire region

D. Champagne district

E. parishes of Normandy

Vendée

The leader of the Haitian Revolution, who did not live to see independence, was

A. Jean-Jacques Dessalines.

B. Marie-Louis Gouze.

C. Vincent Ogé.

D. François Babeuf.

E. Toussaint L'ouverture.

Toussaint L'ouverture

The event that marked the beginning of the French Revolution was the

A. September Massacre.

B. passage of the Constitution of 1791.

C. execution of Louis XVI.

D. drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.

E. Oath of the Tennis Court.

Oath of the Tennis Court

Although he was not responsible for initiating the Reign of Terror, __________ was responsible for enlarging its scope.

A. Maximilien Robespierre

B. Charlotte Corday

C. Georges Danton

D. Samuel Adams

E. Thomas Paine

Maximilien Robespierre

Napoleon forged some diverse political alliances. His most remarkable act of political reconciliation came in 1801 when Napoleon signed a concordat with

A. Austria and Prussia.

B. the Vatican.

C. England.

D. Charles Talleyrand.

E. Denmark and Belgium.

the Vatican

In the spring of 1792, after a brief and brutally repressed rebellion and the invasion of the island by British and Spanish forces, the French government tried to rally the defenses of Saint-Domingue by

A. liberating all the slaves.

B. redistributing the land equally to all residents.

C. granting French citizenship to free men of color.

D. dispatching a large army of soldiers recruited in West Africa.

E. eliminating all taxes the colonists had to pay for a period of twenty years.

granting French citizenship to free men of color

Probably the most profound and longest-lasting legacy of Napoleon's empire was the introduction of a single legal system, called the

A. Napoleonic Code.

B. Revolutionary Code.

C. Rights and Privileges.

D. Citizen's Constitution.

E. French Constitution.

Napoleonic Code

One of the factors that contributed to the radicalization of the French Revolution in 1792 was

A. the hostility of the United States toward the revolution.

B. the hostility of the French to Russian advice on how to be civilized.

C. the unexpected return of the bubonic plague.

D. the invasion of France by Spain.

E. Louis XIV's attempted escape in June 1791 and his weakness as a leader.

Louis XIV's attempted escape in June 1791 and his weakness as a leader.

When the Third Estate renamed itself the National Assembly and was locked out of the Estates-General meeting hall at Versailles, it and sympathetic members of the First and Second Estates met at another site at Versailles. They swore what was known as the _________, vowing not to separate until a constitution for France had been drafted.

A. Oath of the Gardens

B. Oath of the Stables

C. Hippocratic Oath

D. Oath of Versailles

E. Tennis Court Oath

Tennis Court Oath

Between 1787 and 1780, the unemployment rate in many French cities may have been as high as

A. 85 percent.

B. 25 percent.

C. 15 percent.

D. 50 percent.

E. 70 percent.

50 percent

The lists of grievances drawn up by the delegates of the three Estates were called the

A. levée en masse.

B. assignats.

C. cahiers des doléances.

D. sans-culottes.

E. enragés.

cahiers des doléances

Of the Terror, it can be stated that

A. only members of the royal family were executed.

B. the majority of its victims were peasants and laborers.

C. more than 500,000 people were executed.

D. it was mostly the creation of the enemies of the revolution, because fewer than 1,000 thousand people died.

E. all of those executed were convicted before a revolutionary tribunal and a jury of their peers.

the majority of its victims were peasants and laborers

During the summer of 1792:

A. Louis XVI was executed by the National Assembly as a common criminal.

B. the Directory seized control of France and ended the "Terror."

C. the Paris Commune was abolished by the National Assembly.

D. the French Revolution entered the radical stage of its history.

E. French forces defeated the allied armies of Prussia and Austria.

the French Revolution entered the radical stage of its history.

The economic system that Napoleon created to starve British trade was known as the:

A. Continental System.

B. Anti-English Union.

C. French System.

D. European System.

E. Napoleonic System.

Continental System

One of the goals of the early French Revolution was achieved on August 4, 1789, when the French National Assembly

A. declared the French Revolution to be successfully completed.

B. outlawed slavery throughout French lands.

C. abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic.

D. broke with the past completely by abolishing the last remnants of feudalism.

E. urged the people of Paris to march on the king at Versailles.

broke with the past completely by abolishing the last remnants of feudalism

The primary target of Descartes's philosophical method was:

A. Catholicism.

B. skepticism over the existence of God.

C. Neoplatonism.

D. existentialism.

E. systematic doubt.

skepticism over the existence of God

Mary Wollstonecraft believed that equality laid the basis for virtue and thus argued that society ought to seek "the perfection of our nature and capability of_________."

A. peace

B. happiness

C. affection

D. redemption

E. order

happiness

A print culture began to grow significantly during the eighteenth century, which helped usher in possibly the first daily newspapers in ___________ in 1702.

A. Paris

B. Hamburg

C. Cadiz

D. Rome

E. London

London