(1)Green Algae (2)Mosses (3)Lycophytes (4)Ferns (5)Gymnosperms (6)Dicots (7)Monocots
Plant Evolution (1) not a plant yet but associated due to chloroplasts (2) has no vascular tissue, xylem and phloem (3) & (4) vascular plants that have xylem and phloem (5) has seed but no flowers (6) & (7) has seeds and flowers
• Roots, Stems, Leaves (1) Root System (2) Shoot System
• the evolved three basic organs: (1 & 2) 2 Systems the Basic Plant Structure is organized into
Roots
multicellular organ that anchors the plant, absorbs minerals & water and stores organic nutrients
(1) Taproot (2) Lateral or Branch Root (3) Root hair
• parts of Taproot system (1) the main vertical root (2) what the vertical root gives rise to (3) increases the surface area and where absorption of water and minerals occur
• Fibrous Root System ? Fibrous Root
characterized by thin lateral roots with no main roots
what monocots and seedless vascular plants have
Prop Root
supports tall top heavy plants like rubber plants and banyan trees
Modified Root
Pneumatophore
“air roots” that enable root systems to capture oxygen. Ex. Mangroves
Modified Roots
Storage roots
for storage of starch and water. Ex. Radishes
Modified Root
Aerial Roots
roots that go up the plant and sometimes function as a pneumatophore. Ex. orchids, mangroves
Modified Root
Buttress Roots
support tall trunks of some tropical trees “like buttresses.” Ex. Silk Cotton Tree
Modified Root
(1) Node (2) Internode (3) Stem (4) Axillary bud (5) Apical bud/terminal bud
Parts of a Stem
Nodes
alternating system of points at which leaves are attached
part of a stem
Internode
the stem segments between nodes
part of a stem
Stem
an organ consisting of nodes, internodes, axillary bud and apical bud
Axillary bud
a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch
part of a stem
Apical Bud
located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot
part of a stem
Rhizomes
modified stem
Tubers
modified stem
Stolon
modified stem
Bulbs
modified stem
Leaves
the most photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants
(1)Petiole (2)Blade
• parts of a leaf (1) joins the leaf to a node of the stem (2) flattened; the whole leaf
Monocots have parallel veins, Eudicots have branching veins
• Difference between the arrangement of a monocot leaf and dicot leaf
• 1 Blade, 1 Petiole • Many Blades, 1 petiole • Many Blades in 1 Leaflette
• simple leaves • compound leaves • doubly compound leaves
tendrils
curls up and forms vines
modified leaf
spines
pointed or prickly leaf
modified leaf
reproductive leaves
modified leaf
Bracts
a leaf with a small flower on its axil
modified leaf
Storage Leaves
can store starches for underground or water if above ground
modified leaf
(1) Mesophyll (2) Palisade cell (3) Spongy cell (4) Guard cell (5) Stoma
the inside of a leaf
Permanent Tissues
tissues in a plat that contain non-dividing cells
the cells in these tissues are modified to perform specific functions in the plants
the cells from these tissues are derived from meristematic tissue
Simple Permanent Tissue
maintenance and support of the plant
kind of permanent tissue
Parenchyma •chlorenchyma
spherical and thin-walled cells
located throughout the plant • photosynthetic parenchyma cells
type of simple permanent tissue
Collenchyma
elongated with thick cell walls
beneath epidermis in stems and leaf veins
flexible support
type of simple permanent tissue
Sclerenchyma
has primary and secondary cell walls
dead at functional maturity; merely there for support
heavily lignified
Ex. Fibers: wood bark & Sclereids: fruits and seed
type of simple permanent tissue
Complex Permanent Tissue
transports of materials
kind of permanent tissue
Xylem
transports water and minerals
type of complex permanent tissue
(1)Vessel element (2)Perforation plate (3)Tracheid (4)Pits
• parts of different xylems (1) wide (2) ends with each vessel element (3) narrow with tapered ends (4) found in tracheids
Phloem
transports other materials like glucose
(1)Sieve-tube member (2)Companion cell (3)Sieve plate
• parts of Phloem (1) main passageway (2) helps in managing nutrient flow (3) end of each sieve-tube member
Meristematic Tissues
undifferentiated plant cells
Primary Growth
increase in the LENGTH of shoot and root systems
facilitated by apical meristem
Secondary Growth
increase in the GIRTH of shoot and root systems
facilitated by lateral meristem
Apical Meristem
situated in tips of root and shoot
gives rise to primary meristem members
type of meristematic tissue based on location
? Primary Meristems (1)Protoderm (2)Ground Meristem (3)Procambium
• the meristem members Apical Meristem gives rise to (1) will become Epidermis (2) will become Ground tissue (3) will become Vascular tissue
? Primary Tissues (1)Epidermis (2)Ground Tissue (3)Vascular Tissue
• what the Primary meristem members will become (1) was Protoderm (2) was Ground Meristem (3) was Procambium
Lateral Meristem
situated in sides of root and shoots
give rise to secondary meristem
? Secondary Meristems (1)Vascular Cambium (2)Cork Cambium
• the meristem members Lateral Meristems gives rise to (1) produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem (2) produces Cork
Studied by 43 People
