DEV exam 2 ch 7 ASD

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in communication and social interaction, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior.

What is neurodiversity?

Neurodiversity is the concept that neurological differences, such as autism, are to be recognized and respected as a social category on par with ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, or disability status.

What significant change occurred in the classification of ASD in 1980?

ASD was classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder in the DSM, separating it from psychiatric disorders.

What are the DSM criteria for diagnosing ASD?

The DSM criteria include persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.

What are the three levels of support required for individuals with ASD?

1: Requiring support, 2: Requiring substantial support, 3: Requiring very substantial support.

What is the prevalence of ASD as of 2020?

1 in 36 individuals are diagnosed with ASD.

What factors contribute to the etiology of ASD?

Etiological factors include genetic heritability, environmental factors (such as paternal age and birth-related issues), and neurodevelopmental factors.

What are some early signs of ASD in infants?

Early signs include decreased attention to spoken language, limited joint attention, reduced eye contact, and delayed or infrequent social smiling.

How do speech and language challenges manifest in toddlers with ASD?

Challenges may include reduced gesture use, decreased vocalizations, and differences in imitation.

What is the importance of early intervention for children with ASD?

Early intervention is crucial as it can significantly improve outcomes in communication, social skills, and overall development.

What are Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Approaches (NDBIs)?

NDBIs combine behavioral and developmental approaches, focusing on naturalistic interactions to support language and social development.

What role do comorbidities play in individuals with ASD?

Comorbidities such as ADHD, anxiety, and gastrointestinal disorders are common and can complicate the diagnosis and treatment of ASD.

What is the significance of person-first vs identity-first language in discussing autism?

Person-first language emphasizes the individual before the diagnosis (e.g., 'person with autism'), while identity-first language emphasizes autism as an integral part of identity (e.g., 'autistic person').

What are some speech and language challenges faced by school-age children with ASD?

Challenges include difficulties in conversational turn-taking, reading non-verbal cues, and understanding complex language.

What are the implications of functioning labels in the context of ASD?

Functioning labels are considered outdated and do not accurately represent the unique strengths and needs of individuals with ASD.

What is the impact of ASD on adulthood?

Adults with ASD may face ongoing difficulties in social relationships and communication, affecting employment and independent living outcomes.

What is the role of AAC in supporting individuals with ASD?

Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) supports communication development and enhances social participation for individuals with ASD.

What are some examples of behavioral approaches used in ASD intervention?

Examples include Discrete Trial Training (DTT), Positive Behavior Support (PBS), and Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS).

What are the developmental approaches to ASD intervention?

Developmental approaches are child-led and play-based, focusing on communication exchanges for learning, such as Floortime and Hanen.

What is the significance of the 'refrigerator mom' theory in the history of ASD?

The 'refrigerator mom' theory suggested that emotionally cold mothers caused autism, a view that has been discredited in favor of understanding ASD as a neurodevelopmental disorder.

What are some common misconceptions about ASD?

Common misconceptions include the belief that all individuals with ASD have severe communication difficulties or that autism is a linear spectrum.

What is the importance of caregiver involvement in ASD intervention?

Caregiver involvement is key in early intervention, as it helps build trust and rapport, enhancing the effectiveness of the intervention.

What role does sensory processing play in individuals with ASD?

Individuals with ASD may exhibit hyper- or hypo-reactivity to sensory input, which can affect their daily functioning and interactions.

What is the significance of the DSM separating Asperger's from ASD?

The separation of Asperger's from ASD into Social Communication Disorder reflects a shift in understanding autism as a spectrum rather than distinct categories.