Bib Lit Exam 3 - May Young

a priest during Davids and Solomons reign, son of Ahimelech, sole survivor when King Saul ordered the massacre of the priests of Nob, escaped and brought Ephod to David, faithful priest to David, supported Adonijah over Solomon and was therefore exiled and stripped of priesthood

Abiathar

caregiver to David when he was old, did not have sexual relations with the David, very beautiful

Abishag

Son of David, very handsome, very charismatic, killed his half-brother for raping his sister after David failed to deal with it, he used his charisma to eventually gain a following and proclaim himself King of Hebron and launching a full-scale attack on David, killed by Joab after his hair got tangled in a tree leaving him hanging

Absalom

fourth son of king David, gathered support from Joab and Abiathar, held public coronation feast to solidify his claim, did not invite Nathan, Zadok, Benaiah, or Bathsheba, Solomon became king over him, asked Solomon to marry Abishag and in doing so threatened Solomon, Solomos had him executed

Adonijah

King of Israel, infamous, son of Omri, did more evil in eyes of Lord than any of those before him, married Jezebel, introduced and promoted worship of Baal, built a temple and altar for Baal, persecution of Yahweh's prophets and widespread idolatry, Elijah predicted multiple miracles and Ahab failed to repent and change his ways, repented briefly after Elijah rebuked Naboth's vineyard, died in battle and fulfilled Elijahs prophecy

Ahab

One of Judah's most wicked Kings, worshiped foreign gods, replaced things in the temple, relied on Assyria rather than on God, Isaiah told Ahaz to rely on God rather than Assyria, Isaiah shows him a sign despite Ahaz not asking for one, suffered major defeats to Israel and Syria, Assyrians became oppressive

Ahaz

firstborn of King David, raped his half-sister Tamar, David failed to act of his sin, Absalom ended up killing Amnon 2 years after he raped Absalom's sister

Amnon

called the prophet of justice, from Judah, has very humble background, ministered at time of reign of Jeroboam II, warned Israel that wealth and military strength could not protect from Gods judgement if they kept breaking covenant, warned that judgement would come from natural disasters, foreign invasions, and exile, urged Israel to seek repentance

Amos

region located in modern day Syria, frequently interacted with Israel, also frequent rivals

Aram

empire builders, military might, threat to Israel, played key role in the downfall or the northern kingdom leading to exile of the ten northern tribes, Judah also faced Assyrian aggression, failed to capture Judah

Assyrians

Daughter of king Ahab and Jezebel, making her part of the infamous royal family associated with Baal worship, married Jehoram, king of Judah, with her influence worship of Baal became more entrenched in Judah, after death of son Ahaziah she seized the throne by killing potential rivals, she killed royal family, ruled Judah for 6 years and continued to pull people away from Yahweh, one of her grandsons was hidden by aunt and that preserved Davidic lineage

Athaliah

a false god, the storm god associated with fertility, rain, and agriculture, believed to control weather and crops, depicted as a powerful warrior, invaded culture of Israel and drew people away from God

Baal

son of Ahijah, came to power by assassinating king Nadab and took over the throne of the northern kingdom of Israel, ruled Israel for 24 years and established his capital in Tirzah, fulfilled a prophecy given to Jeroboam by prophet Ahijah which said Jeroboams dynasty would be destroyed because of his idolatry, killed all remaining member of jeroboam's family, had conflict with Judah, fortified Ramah creating political and military standoff, disobedient to God, followed Jeroboam's sinful ways by promoting idolatry, prophecy by Jehu warned him

Baasha

sematic people, played central role in the downfall of the kingdom of Judah, captured Jerusalem and destroyed the temple, instruments of judgment against Judah, rise and fall highlights God control over history, without temple Jewish people turned more to the torah and synagogues, shaping the future of Judaism

Babylonians

wife of Uriah, was seen bathing by king David who summoned her to palace, David killed her husband and slept with her, first born died due to Gods judgment, had another son Solomon who became central figure and next kind after David, advocated for Solomon to get the throne

Bathsheba

city located on Euphrates River, fought between Babylonians against Egypt and Assyrians, Babylonians led by Nebuchadnezzar II won, battle fulfilled prophecies about the rise of Babylon as Gods instrument for judgment

Battle of Carchemish

- located on Orontes River, coalition of 12 kings from the levant including King Ahab fought against Assyrians, Israels participation in coalition reflects reliance on military and political alliances rather than trusting in God for protection, battle appears to be inconclusive, but Assyrians record victory

Battle of Qarqar

Bethel - means house of God, named by Jacob after having a vision, God reaffirmed His covenant with Jacob at bethel, Jacob returned to bethel and God changed his name to Israel, center of worship, after division of kingdom became a site of idolatry, Dan – became center of false worship under Jeroboam, contributes to spiritual fragmentation of Israel

Bethel & Dan

Job’s friends, Eliphaz - is the most measured and respectful friend, basing arguments on personal experience, visions, and traditional wisdom, Bildad – appeals to authority, of tradition and ancestral wisdom, often delivering arguments bluntly, Zophar – emphasizes moral strictness, and assumes Job must be guilty of a great sin to suffer as he does, all represent a common and incomplete view of Gods justice and suffering, they lack deeper understanding on why God inflicts suffering, they rely on shallow, formulaic answers, misjudge Job’s character, their advice to Job lack empathy

Bildad, Eliphaz, Zophar

was a shepherd boy, killed Goliath, anointed by Samuel, became successful warrior and leader, Saul tried to kill David but Saul eventually died, became king of Israel, a man after God's own heart, wrote many of the Psalms, God made Davidic covenant with him, committed adultery with Bathsheba and had her husband killed, failed to discipline his son leading to conflicts, when confronted by Nathan the prophet he repented, put Israel on track spiritually, modeled faith, son tried to take over his kingdom, eventually anointed Soloman as next king

David

prophet, lived during reign of kind Ahab, announced drought over Israel and it happened, was miraculously sustained by ravens during the drought at his hiding place at the brook Cherith, multiplied a widows flour and oil and raised her son from the dead, challenged 450 prophets of Baal on mount Carmel to prove who the true God was, God rained down fire on his altar, Jezebel threatened his life so he ran and God met him at mount Horeb in a gentle whisper reaffirming His presence and plan, anointed Elisha as prophetic successor, rebuked king Ahab and queen Jezebel including the murder of Naboth for his vineyard, Elijah was taken to Heaven in a chariot of fire signifying his unique role as a prophet

Elijah

a friend of Job, unlike jobs other three friends he waits to speak of respect, his speeches reflect youthful zeal and confidence in his understanding of God, he doesn't condemn or affirm Job, he stays more neutral, he accuses Job of being self-righteous and speaking arrogantly about God, challenges Job's complaints about God's perceived silence and injustice, brought the view that suffering might serve to instruct and refine rather than to solely punish, underlines the limitations of human understanding when it comes to God's actions and purposes

Elihu

was Elijahs successor, inherited Elijah's prophetic mantle and double portion of his spirit, ministered primarily to northern kingdoms confronting idolatry and guiding people back towards God, served during reign of several kings and offered counseling, warnings, and miracles, he purified the water at Jericho, multiplied oil to save widow and her sons, brought dead child back to life, healing Naaman of leprosy by telling his to wash in the Jordan, he led enemy army into Samaria by blinding the Arameans, multiplied loaves of bread to feed a hundred men, cursed boys that were mocking him and they were eventually mauled by bears

Elisha

Former – Joshua, Judges, 1-2 Samuel, 1-2 kings, highlight covenant relationship between God and Israel, emphasizing obedience to God’s commands, the role of leaders, and the consequences of sin, Latter – major prophets (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel), Minor prophets (Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi), these books contain messages of the individual prophets who delivered God’s word to the people of Israel and Judah often in poetic or prose form, addressed specific crises, such as idolatry, social injustice, and impending judgment, while offering hope for restoration

Former/Latter Prophets

OT contains multiple genres, Narrative - (Genesis, Exodus, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1-2 Samuel, 1-2 Kings, 1-2 Chronicles), historical accounts of events, characters, and God's interaction with humanity, covenant relations, divine intervention, and moral lessons, Law - (Exodus 20-23, Leviticus, Deuteronomy), legal codes, ethical instructions, guidelines for worship and daily life, divided into moral, ceremonial, and civil laws, to define Israel's covenant relationship with God, establish framework for holy living, (example: ten commandments), Poetry and Wisdom - (Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of songs, Job), to inspire worship, provide practical wisdom, Psalms expresses wide range of emotions from lament to praise, Prophecy - (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, twelve minor prophets), messages rom God delivered through prophets, often in poetic or symbolic language, themes of judgment, repentance, and hope for restoratio

Genre

one of two wives of Elkanah, unable to have children while other wife had several, barrenness caused her deep grief and humiliation, Peninnah (second wife) taunted her, turned to God in prayer, wept and poured her heart out to the Lord, vowed to dedicate her son to God's service as a Nazirite if He granted her a child, Eli (high priest) mistook her silent prayer as drunkenness, he later blessed her when he understood her devotion, God answered prayer and she gave birth to Samuel (which means "asked of God"), true to her promise Hannah brought Samuel to the tabernacle after he was weaned and dedicated him to the Lord's service, 1 Samuel 2:1-10 she offers a song of praise, her story if foreshadowing of Mary

Hannah

visits Elisha on behalf of Ben-Hadad king of Aram who is ill, is foretold by Elisha that he will succeed him and bring significant destruction to Israel, his future was instrument of divine judgment against Israel, returned after hearing this and assassinated Ben-Hadad and takes throne, became powerful and aggressive king, frequently raging war against Israel, was given temple treasures by King Jehoash of Judah so he wouldn't attack

Hazael

means vapor, breath, or vanity, is a recurring term in the book of Ecclesiastes, author of Ecclesiastes uses themes of Hebel to show the transience of life, incomprehensibility of life's purpose, pursuits of wealth and pleasure and achievement are described as Hebel because they don't fill the God sized hole everyone is looking to fill, the acknowledgement of life's Hebel underscores the need to trust God and find who you are though Him

Hebel

13th king od Judah, marked by religious reform and military challenges and profound faith, celebrated for his devotion in God, succeeded his father, Ahaz, who brought in a lot of corruption, he destroyed idols that had corrupted Judah, reopened and purified the temple in Jerusalem reinstating sacrifices and Passovers, faced Assyrian threats from Sennacherib, fortified Jerusalem, Hezekiah fell gravely ill and the prophet Isaiah told him he would die but after his prayer God extended his life by 15 years, entertained envoys from Babylon which led to Isaiahs prophecy of Babylonian exile

Hezekiah

a prophet, one of the minor prophets, portrays God as a loving husband to Israel and Israel is the unfaithful wife, warns Israel of impending judgment due to idolatry, injustice, and covenant unfaithfulness, also gives promises fo restoration and renewal, constantly calls Israel to repent and return to God promising forgiveness and healing if they do, told by God to marry Gomer, had three kids, Jezreel (reminder of judgment for bloodshed), Lo-Ruhamah (meaning "not loved" symbolizing God's withdraw of mercy from Israel), Lo-Ammi (meaning "not my people" indicating the broken covenant relationship), Hosea's act of redeeming Gomer from her unfaithfulness illustrated God's willingness to restore Israel despite their sin

Hosea

last king of the northern kingdom, ruled for 9 years after assassinating his predecessor Pekah, reigned during time of intense political upheaval and external threats especially form Assyrians, did evil in the eyes of the Lord but not like the kings before him, became vassal to Assyria paying tribute to king Shalmaneser V, sought alliance with Egypt to rebel against Assyrians, after 3 years the Assyrians captured Samaria marking the end of the northern kingdom

Hoshea

centered on God's attributes, calls to worship, a celebration of God's works, common elements include a call to praise, reasons to praise, and a concluding affirmation of worship or thanksgiving, emphasizes that God is worth of worship simply because of who He is, teaches to focus on Gods greatness and goodness, reminds reader of God's control over creation and history, recounts a lot of God's saving acts, teaches to respond to God's grace with gratitude, joy, and obedience

Hymns/praise psalms

fourth king of Judah, reigned for 25 years, son of Asa, sought to return Judah back to the worship of the Lord, sent Levites to teach the Law of the Lord, fortified cities and maintained strong army, his policies brought peace with other nations, reputation caused surrounding kingdoms to fear Judah, made alliance with Ahab, joined Ahab in military campaign again Ramoth-Gilead, defeat of a coalition of Moabites, Ammonites, and others who invaded Judah by leading nation in prayer and the God caused confusion among the enemy and Judah didn't even have to fight, made unwise alliances, these alliances with the northern kingdom, which was often unfaithful to God, brought challenges to Judah and tarnished his legacy

Jehoshaphat

also known as Jeconiah or Coniah, king of Judah for only three months before being taken by King Nebuchadnezzar II, conflicting accounts put him at 18 years or 8 years old, symbolized the collapse of the Davidic monarchy in Judah, prophet Jeremiah pronounced curse on Jehoiachin declaring that none of his descendants would prosper on Davids throne, seemed to threaten the Davidic Covenant, eventually released from prison after 37 years by Evil-Merodach (Nebuchadnezzar's successor), given a place of honor at the Babylonian court which offered a glimmer of hope for Davidic line

Jehoiachin

eighteenth king of Judah, son of Josiah, born as Eliakim but renamed by Pharaoh Necho II of Egypt upon installation as king, reign was marked by geopolitical turmoil, Judah became vassal state of Egypt, eventually became vassal of Babylon when Babylon overpowered Egypt, taxed the people heavily to pay tribute to Egypt, initially submitted to Nebuchadnezzar but later rebelled, led to invasions to Babylonian, Aramean, Moabite, and Ammonite raiders as instrument of God's judgment, died either during or just before Nebuchadnezzar's siege of Jerusalem, death is described obscurely but Jeremih prophesied he would have a dishonorable burial comparing it to a donkey's burial, also revered the reforms his father Josiah was making, and instead reinstated idolatry and oppression of his people

Jehoiakim

kind of Israel, known for his zeal in executing God's judgment against the house of Ahab and purging Baal worship from Israel, son of Jehoshaphat (not the king of Judah) and a commander in Israels army under king Joram (Jehoram) the son of Ahab, anointed by young prophet sent by Elisha which declared him king of Israel and commissioned him to carry out God's judgment against the house of Ahab fulfilling prophecy of Elijah, killed Joram (king of Israel) and Ahaziah (king of Judah) near Jezreel, had queen Jezebel killed by being thrown out a window, dogs consumed her body fulfilling Elijah's prophecy, killed Ahab's 70 sons and relatives in Samaria sending their heads to Jezreel as a gruesome display of judgment, deceitfully gathered all Baal worshipers under the guise of hosting a great sacrifice then slaughtered them all and destroying the temple of Baal eradicating Baal worship from Israel, aligned with the Assyrian

Jehu

originally servant of King Solomon, prophet Ahijah prophesied that Jeroboam would rule over 10 tribes of Israel due to Solomons Idolatry, ten tries made Jeroboam king as a way of rebelling against Rehoboam, this created the Northern kingdom (ten tribes), and the southern kingdom who still was under the reign of Rehoboam, to prevent people from returning to the house of David in Jerusalem he established worship centers in Bethel and Dan setting up Golden calves and declaring here are your gods, this violated God's covenant, also created new priesthood and religious calendar, departing from Levitical priesthood and festivals ordained by God, his establishment of idol worship lead Israel into a pattern of unfaithfulness to God that persisted till the fall of the northern kingdom, Ahijah condemned him and his dynasty, his moves were politically motivated

Jeroboam (I)

14th king of Israel, brough prosperity and territorial expansion, restored boundaries, economic prosperity and relative stability, expansion it directly linked to a prophecy from Jonah, despite political success he allowed continuation of idol worship, fostered spiritual corruption and disobedience, Amos and Hosea were ministering during his time

Jeroboam (II)

city of David, and captured by David, the Davidic covenant was made here, Solomon built the first temple here on Mount Moriah which is traditionally associated with Abrahams near sacrifice of Isaac, was where God's presence was believed to dwell among His people, it became the spiritual heart of Israel, chosen city and symbolized His covenant relationship, under David and Solomon it was the religious and political capital, when kingdom divided it remained capital of Judah, destruction marked a turning point and was explained as an event of God's punishment for the nations unfaithfulness

Jerusalem

queen of Israel, Phoenician princess and daughter of Ethbaal king of Sidon, became queen by marrying Ahab, solidified political alliance between Israel and Phoenicia, introduced and promoted idolatry and worship of Baal, influenced Ahab to build temple for Baal, persecuted prophets of Yahweh and killed many of them, after Elijah had victory over prophets of Baal she vowed to kill him, deceitful and manipulative, orchestrated murder of Naboth so Ahab could gain his vineyard, Elijah declared that dogs would devour her by the wall of Jezreel, she was thrown out of window by her servants and her body was trampled by horses and eaten by dogs

Jezebel

- blameless and upright, God acknowledges his righteousness, God presented him as a model of faithfulness to Satan, endures immense suffering, loss of wealth, children, and health, had traditional belief that suffering always comes as response to sin and righteousness guarantees blessings, Satan challenges his faithfulness, in suffering he laments and questions God seeking an explanation for his suffering, his friends try to explain his suffering through traditional theology and accusing him of hidden sin but their arguments ultimately fail, God responds out of a whirlwind emphasizing His sovereignty and the vastness of His creation, God reveals limits of human understanding and the need to trust His wisdom and justice, after humbly acknowledging Gods message and repents God restores his fortune, God rebukes Job's friends for misrepresenting Him

Job

a prophet, reluctant to obeys God's call to Nineveh, tries to run away on a boat and God creates a storm that will kill everyone unless they throw him overboard, gets thrown off boat and swallowed by a fish (whale), spent three days and nights in fish repenting and praying, gets out, goes to Ninevah and much to his surprise people of Ninevah swiftly repent, shows how God has love for all people

Jonah

one of the most righteous kings of Judah, followed Davids ways and did what was right in the eyes of the Lord, bible states that king before or after him turned to the Lord like he did, during temple repairs high priest Hilkiah found the Book of the Law, and this was pivotal in sparking Josiah's reforms, when the book was read to him he tore his robes and mourned for he saw how far Judah had strayed away from God's commands, prophetess Huldah confirmed judgment was coming but not during his time for his faithfulness to God, gathered people of Judah and read the book aloud and renewed the covenant between God and the nation, rid Judah of Idolatry, centralized worship, eliminated pagan practices, restored celebration of Passover, died in battle against Pharaoh Necho of Egypt, death marked the beginning of the decline of Judah

Josiah

profound expression of sorrow, grief, or regret, not just a response to suffering but also a form of worship, provides framework for openly expressing emotions like sorrow, anger, confusion, etc., Individual – personal suffering (illness, betrayal, sin, loss), repentance and forgiveness (confession of sin, plea for forgiveness), restoration of hope (transitions from despair to renewed trust in God’s faithfulness), Corporate/Communal – national crises (war, exile, famine, oppression, express grief and solidarity), covenant renewal (acknowledges national sin and seeks God’s mercy and restoration), Liturgical Use (used in worship settings such as Day of Atonement to confess sin and appeal for God’s forgiveness and intervention)

Lament (individual and corporate/communal)

son of Solomon, kingdom split under his reign due to the force of heavy labor and taxes, rejected counsel and did not lighten the people's burden, followed advice of younger peers rather than the older wiser peers, northern tribes revolted and made Jeroboam their king, this fulfilled Ahijah's prophecy, reign was marked by instability and people turned away from God

Rehoboam

focus on kingship, includes kings coronation, military victories, justice, divine appointment, and covenantal promises, divine kingship as the earthly king is often portrayed as a representative of God's heavenly rule, messianic hope as many of the psalms contain prophetic elements, pointing to the ultimate King, reinforce Davidic covenant, underscore the ideal qualities of kingship, and how the king was central to Israels identity, foreshadow the Messiah and the eternal kingdom

Royal psalms

son of king Hezekiah, reigned for 55 years and considered on of the most wicked kings in Judah's history, promoted idolatry undoing what his father did, built altars to Baal and made Asherah poles, he place idols within the Jerusalem temple desecrating the holy place, practiced chile sacrifice, reign was marked by widespread injustice and filled Jerusalem with innocent blood, God pronounced sever judgment on Juda, prophet Isaiah tried to warn Manasseh but he didn't listen, Judah faced divine anger for the idolatry and bloodshed, his actions are seen as one of the key reasons for Judah's exile to Babylon, captured by Babylon and while he was he prayed to God and repented, God allowed him to return to Jerusalem and when he got back he tried to undo all the wrong he had done, removed idols and encouraged people to worship the one true God, his reforms did not get rid of all idolatry in Judah

Manasseh

collection of five books (Songs of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations (Eikhah), Ecclesiastes (Kohelet), and Esther), each book is associated with specific Jewish festival, Song of Songs - Passover (divine love), Ruth - Shavuot (feast of weeks) (loyalty and inclusion), Lamentations - Tisha B'Av (expression of Greif), Ecclesiastes (Kohelet) - Sukkot (feast of tabernacles) (philosophical reflection), Esther - Purim (divine providence

Megillot(h):(Festival

Scrolls)

Major – Isaish, Jeremiah, Lamentations (traditionally attributed to Jeremiah), Ezekiel, Daniel, books are longer and offer detailed prophecies concerning judgment, restoration and messianic hope, focus on larger more significant events, Minor - Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, shorter, their books contain powerful messages of repentance, judgment and hope, highlight need for social justice, faithfulness, and future restoration of Israel

Major/Minor prophets

husband of Abigail, sheep shearer, David while on the run had provided protection to Nabal's sheapards and flocks, when David and men were in need for food he asked for help in exchange for the protection he gave, he said no, Abigail goes on his behalf and gives food as peace offering, Abigail prevents David from killing Nabal, he becomes so distressed after hearing what Abigail did that he suffered heart attack and died ten days later

Nabal

prophet in the court of David, advisor to David, confronted David after he sinned with Bathsheba, he gave David a prophecy of judgment, his courage to rebuke David lead to David's repentance, told David that he would not be the one to build the temple but his son would, told David that God would establish David's house and kingdom forever, made sure that Solomon got the throne of Adonijah

Nathan

too over Judah and destroyed Jerusalem, destroyed the temple that Solomon built, had interactions with the prophet Daniel, had a dream of great statue made of various materials which symbolized the succession of world empires, dream is interpreted by Daniel who reveals that Neb. Represents the hed of gold indicating that his Babylonian empire was the greatest of the earthly kingdom, dream also foretells eventual rise and fall of future kingdoms, orders that everyone worship a golden image he made leading to Shadrach, Meshach and Abendego refusing to worship it and being thrown into a fiery furnace, angel appears to protect them and this helps him recognize God's power, has another dream that is a warning that he will be humbled and will be driven away from his kingdom, ignores warning and loses his sanity and driven to live like an animal, he repents and his kingdom is restored, he then recognizes God and praises and

Nebuchadnezzar

place God tells Jonah to go, capital of the Assyrian Empire, city was wicked and God said that the city would be destroyed in 40 days if they do not repent, once Jonah finally goes to Nineveh, surprisingly the people from the king down to the common folk repented and humbled themselves fast

Nineveh

6th king of Israel, emerged victorious after civil war and established himself as king, made the capital Tirzah, reign brought stability to Israel, built Samaria as the new capital of Israel, formed important alliances with Phoenicia, but this led to worship of Baal, had lots of military success, under his rule people moved away from God, this angered Elijah

Omri

one of the most important and defining features of Hebrew poetry, prominent in books like psalms, proverbs, and Isaiah, by repeating or contrasting ideas, the text invites deeper reflection on the nature of God, human beings, and the relationship between them

Parallelism

referred to as the preacher or the teacher, central figure in the book of Ecclesiastes, explores the transient nature of human existence, limitations of human knowledge, and the uncertainty of success and happiness, expresses frustration at the randomness of life where the righteous may suffer and the wicked may prosper, encourages people to find meaning in enjoying the simple pleasures of life since these are gifts from God, concludes that the best way to live it to fear God and keep His commandments for it is the duty of all mankind

Qohelet

capital of the northern kingdom, established by Jeroboam I, became the center of the Omride dynasty, led northern kingdom away form God, encouraged people to stay rather than to return to Jerusalem to worship at the temple, idolatry practiced in Bethel and Dan, many prophets condemned it for its wickedness, fell to the Assyrians, the siege of Samaria was long but resulted in deportation of the ten northern tribes

Samaria

was a prophet, judge, and priest, last judge of Israel and anointed the first king, mother was Hannah, was told by God that judgment would fall on Eli's house for his lack of discipline he gave his sons, his leadership led to a time of spiritual renewal in Israel, anointed Saul as the first king following God's command, anointed David as next king after Saul, called for covenant renewal at Mizpah where the Israelites gathered and to repent and reaffirm their commitment to God, unwavering in his commitment to God, his death was a significant loss for Israel

Samuel

completed lead siege to take over Samaria and lead to the exile of the ten northern tribes, resettled various peoples from other regions into the former territory of Israel which led to the mixing of peoples and the formation of the Samaritans, he fulfilled some of the prophecies that earlier prophets talked about

Sargon II

started the siege on Samaria, he did not see to see the city fall, continued the expansion of the Assyrian empire, started the deportations of the Israelites

Shalmaneser V

son of David and Bathsheba and became king after David, was gifted wisdom by God, showcased wisdom in the judgment of two women who both claimed to be mother of same baby, credited with authoring proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and song of songs, built the temple in Jerusalem, reign marked the peak of Israels political and economic power, had great wealth, had great economic and military strength, time of prosperity, God appeared twice to him reaffirming the Davidic covenant, he has so many wives and a lot of them were foreign which led to the worship of foreign gods and the wives introduced idolatry and turned his heart away from God, as a result god said that the kingdom would be split in two under his sons reign, reign was considered the golden age for Israel, seen as a symbol of wisdom

Solomon

was raped by raped by her half-brother Amnon, after the assault she was devastated, tore her robe symbolizing loss of honor, David failed to punish Amnon, and this led Absalom to take matters into his own hands and kill Amnon

Tamar (Absalom's

sister)

to acknowledge and celebrate God's intervention in the lives of the faithful, acknowledges distress, God's intervention, expresses gratitude, is a public declaration encouraging others to recognize and honor God's work

Thanksgiving psalms

originally named Mattaniah, appointed by Nebuchadnezzar as king of Judah and changed his name to Zedekiah, reign marked by political instability and religious decline, eventually rebelled against Babylon, broke the covenant with Nebuchadnezzar and sought to align Judah with Egypt, led to the siege of Jerusalem by the Babylonians, siege lasted about two years and culminated the destruction of the city and the temple of Solomon, Jeremiah repeatedly warned him that resisting Babylon would lead to disaster and he was right, Jerusalem fell and ended the Davidic line

Zedekiah

A. promises of the covenant include a great name, rest from enemies, a place for Israel, a house for David (dynasty), a descendant to build the temple, an everlasting kingdom (Jesus), God said He would have a father son relationship with Davids's descendants. God established this covenant during Davids's reign as king over Israel, David desired to build a house (temple) for God, but instead God promised to build a house (dynasty) for David. It is an unconditional covenant meaning God will fulfill his promises regardless of human nature though consequences will still apply. Both a personal Covenant to David and a messianic one by pointing to Jesus.

Know information and promises pertaining to the Davidic covenant

. Israel wanted a king, so Samuel appointed Saul, had early military victories and he gained the loyalty of the people and was confirmed king. Saul offered sacrifice at Gilgal without waiting for Samuel demonstrating impatience and disregard for God's instructions, failed to destroy Amalekites and their possessions as commanded by God, act of partial obedience and was deemed rebellion leading to God rejecting Saul as king. Saul became envious of David after he was gaining popularity and this envy led to Saul trying to kill David multiple times, Saul consulted a medium which was illustrated Saul's departure from trusting God. He committed suicide. Saul was picked for his appearance while David was chosen for his heart and faith in God. Saul disobeyed God's commands and was rejected while David was obedient and repentant when he sinned. Saul was distant and self-dependent while David was deeply personal and reliant on

In the United Kingdom, be able to trace the rise of Saul and what led to his downfall and contrast that with the picture we have of David

A. Was a shepherd boy and youngest son of Jesse, was anointed by Samuel based on his heart, he was a musician in Sauls court, he killed Goliath with a sling and a stone, formed a covenantal friendship with Saul's son Jonathan, had great military success and earned the loving of the people, this made Saul jealous and led to Saul trying to kill him multiple times so he lived on the run for a while, he spared Saul's life two times respecting God's anointed, lived among the Philistines for safety and led raids against Israel's enemies, Davids camp was attacked and his family was taken but he successfully rescued them, crowned king of Judah after Saul's death, after lengthy civil war David became king of all Israel, captured Jerusalem making it the capital and spiritual center of Israel, brought the Ark to Jerusalem with great celebration, made the Davidic covenant with God, expanded Israel's borders, committed adultery w

Know key events in David's life (mostly listed in the textbook and classroom presentations), his strengths and weaknesses

A. Strengths – was given wisdom from God, constructed the temple in Jerusalem, brought unparalleled wealth and economic prosperity to Israel, his reign was the Golden years and was peaceful, made great literary contributions. Weaknesses – married multiple foreign women violating Gods command, later years of his reign were marked idolatry, to fund his projects and to maintain lifestyle he imposed heavy taxes and forced labor on the Israelites, relied on his military and political strength rather than relying on God, his heart turned away in his later years and failed to remain faithful to God’s covenant.

Know Solomon's key strengths and weaknesses as king of Israel as discussed in class and the textbook

David made significant preparations for the construction by gathering materials and organizing labor, Solomon employed over 180,000 workers over the construction process, construction began in 4th year of Solomons reign and took 7 years to complete. Completed approximately 960 BCE. It was modeled from the tabernacle and had key features of the Holy place, Most holy place, and Outer court. Solomon assembled all the leaders and people of Israel during the Feast of Tabernacles for the temple dedication. The Ark of the Covenant was transported from the City of David and placed in the Most Holy Place, as the priests exited the temple, the glory of the Lord filled the temple in the form of a cloud. Solomon prayed before the altar. Solomon offered 22,000 cattle and 120,000 sheep and goats as sacrifices. A feast lasting 7 days followed with the people rejoicing before the Lord

Know information pertaining to the building and dedication of the temple

Parallelism where lines relate to each other in meaning or structure and create emphasis and depth, Imagery and metaphor to concrete images to convey abstract ideas, conciseness in how each word is chosen for impact, repetition of words, phrases, or ideas to emphasize a theme or create rhythm, acrostics where successive lines or sections begin with consecutive letters of the Hebrew alphabet, emotional expression including those of lament, praise, thanksgiving, and wisdom, sound devices by using alliteration, assonance, and wordplay to enhance its impact.

Know the main characteristics of Hebrew poetry. Know the different poetic devices as presented in the textbook and class (e.g., acrostic, parallelism and the main types of parallelism).

Authors – David, Asaph, Sons of Korah, Solomon, Moses, Anonymous. Structure – divided into 5 books, Book 1 (Psalms 1-41 which focuses on personal devotion and prayers of David, theme of God as a personal protector and deliverer), Book 2 (Psalms 41-72 which focuses on notional struggles and worship, by the Sons of Korah and focus on communal lament and praise), Book 3 (Psalms 73-89 which focuses of crisis and questioning God’s faithfulness during hardship, by Asaph), Book 4 (Psalms 90-106 which focuses on God’s eternal reign and sovereignty, contains psalms of praise and worship, maybe moses), Book 5 (psalms 10-150 which focuses on thanksgiving, praise, and hope for the future, contains the “Hallelujah Psalms” (146-150)). Each book concludes with a doxology (a short hymn of praise).

Know the authors, structure, genre and themes presented in the lectures about the book of Psalms, e.g., the editorial center

Themes – fear of the Lord, wisdom vs. folly, the value of wisdom, righteousness and justice, discipline and correction, the power of words, hard work and laziness, relationships, wealth and generosity, avoiding temptation, pride vs. humility, the sovereignty of God. Types of people – the wise, the fool, the simple, the scoffer, the diligent, the sluggard, the righteous, the wicked.

Know the main themes in the book of Proverbs and the types of people recognized. These were in the textbook and/or presented in the lectures

Key issues (Ecclesiastes) - some people think the author is Solomon, but the text only identifies the author as "Qohelet" (the Teacher or Preacher), explores the meaning and purpose of life considering its apparent futility and inevitability of death, likely written during a time of reflection, possibly in Solomon's later years, as he was considering the fleeting nature of worldly pursuits. Major themes (Ecclesiastes) - the vanity of life, the cyclic nature of life, human limitations, the fear of God, joy amid life's futility. Key Issues (Song of Songs) - authorship attributed to Solomon, celebration of love, romance, and the beauty of marital intimacy, a poetic and lyrical composition featuring dialogue between a bride, a groom, and a chorus. Major themes (Song of Songs) - love and intimacy, mutual delight, the power of love, the garden imagery as a recurring metaphor symbolizing beauty, fertility, and intimacy, cov

Know the key issues and major themes of Ecclesiastes/Qohelet and Song of Solomon/Songs as presented in the lectures and the text

Issues – problem of suffering and why righteous people suffer and wicked prosper, God’s sovereignty and ultimate authority and wisdom, Human perspective vs. Divine perspective and the lack of human ability to fully comprehend God’s purposes, role of Satan by testing Job’s faith, faith in crisis. Major Themes – nature of suffering and how it is not always punishment, God’s wisdom and power, human limitations to grasping the complexities of the world, integrity of faith, role of friends and to be aware of the influence they have, restoration and redemption. Structure – prologue, dialogue, God’s speeches, Epilogue. Reasons for inclusion – exploration of universal questions, affirmation of God’s sovereignty, model of faith, correcting misconceptions, wisdom literature, foreshadowing redemption.

Know the key issues, themes, structure of the book of Job as presented in class and the text. Know the reasons why the book was included in the Bible

Political issues – heavy taxation, unbalanced favoritism, forced labor. Leadership issues – Rehoboam’s poor judgment, Jeroboam’s ambition. Religious Issues – centralized worship in Jerusalem, northern tribes saw this as favoritism for Judah, Jeroboam’s religious innovations. Long standing divisions between north and south, distrust of the Davidic line, Solomons idolatry and turning away from God angered the Lord and He declared that the kingdom would be town from Solomons son though Judah would remain for David’s sake.

Know the issues involved in the division of the kingdom as presented in the textbook and in the lecture material.

There were 9 dynasties, 19 kings.

Know the number of dynasties and kings of the Northern Kingdom as presented in the lectures and the textbook.

Different calendar systems, Judah used the accession year system while Israel used the non-accession year system, there were overlapping reigns were father and son would rule together but were recorded inconsistently, uncertainty in start of calendar year, Judah followed Tishri-based calendar (new year around September-October), Israel followed the Nisan-based calendar (new year around March-April), scribes counting methods could cause mistakes, political upheaval lead to irregularities in recording reigns, corruption of records.

Know the reasons why there are discrepancies with dating the reigns of kings in Israel and Judah. Know which kingdom follows which system.

Rehoboam 1st king, Asa, Jehoshaphat, Uzziah (Azariah), Ahaz, Hezekiah, Manasseh, Josiah, Zedekiah. The prophets were Isaih, Jeremiah, Micah. High priests include Hilkiah.

Know the key kings and figures of the Southern Kingdom as presented in class and the textbook.

political instability, Idolatry and unfaithfulness to God, social injustice, economic and military decline, rise of Assyria, alliances with foreign powers, Assyrian military campaigns, covenant unfaithfulness, divine judgment.

Know the issues/events/reasons that precipitated the fall of the Northern Kingdom

Spiritual unfaithfulness, social injustice, rejection of prophetic warnings, political instability, rise of Babylon, Judah's rebellion against Babylon, Josiah's death, final siege and destruction of Jerusalem, covenant unfaithfulness, divine judgment, 3 deportations.

Know the issues/events/reasons that precipitated the fall of the Southern Kingdom, e.g., the number of deportations

Covenant enforcement mediators, callers to repentance, announcers of Judgment, voices of hope and restoration, intercessors, predictors of the future, all called by God, courageous, compassionate, spiritual watchman, preparers of the way, covenant custodians.

Know the function of the prophets of the Old Testament

Jonah ministered under reign of Jeroboam II and key themes were God’s sovereignty, God’s mercy, human disobedience and grace. Amos ministered under the reign of Jeroboam II and Uzziah and key themes were social justice, true worship, and divine judgment. Hosea ministered under the reign of Jeroboam II, Zechariah, Shallum, Menahem, Pekahiah, Pekah, Hoshea and the key themes where God’s unfailing love, spiritual adultery, judgment and restoration.

Know the structure/ key themes/issues addressed in the Northern Prophets (Jonah, Amos, and Hosea). Know the kings that they ministered under.

3 parts, 1st Isaiah - judgment against sin, oracles against foreign nations, warnings of Assyrian invasion and eventual restoration, prophetic and direct, emphasizing judgment and hope. 2nd Isaiah - comfort and redemption, servant songs which point to a suffering servant, promise of deliverance and return to Zion, poetic, hopeful, and filled with imagery of restoration. 3rd Isaiah - community rebuilding and ethical living, vision of universal worship and justice. Arguments for unity - common themes, Jesus and apostles quote passages from all sections of Isaiah as the work as same prophet, repeated phrases, themes, and imagery. Arguments against unity- first Isaiah talks about Assyrian threat while second talks about Babylonia exile and mentions Cyrus the king of Persia, language from second and third differ significantly from first Isaiah, third includes some different themes pointing to different audience and time,

Know the issues involved in the division of the book of Isaiah. Know the arguments for/against the unity and single authorship for the book

Themes – God’s holiness and sovereignty, Judgment and salvation, the Messiah, the Remnant, social justice, God’s universal plan, new creation. Significant events – Isaiah’s vision and call when he witnesses vision of God’s holiness in the temple, The Immanuel Prophecy, the fall of Assyria, the branch from Jesse, the deliverance of Jerusalem, Hezekiah’s Illness and recovery, Babylonian envoys, comfort of exiles, prophecy of Cyrus, prophecy of a suffering servant, a vision of a new creation

Know the themes and events found in the book of Isaiah