Part 1 of Final - tenses and such

how to do form informal affirmative commands

usually the same form as el/ella in the present indicative

What are common irregular affirmative (not negative) tu commands?

decir → di

venir → ven

ir → ve

ver → ve (notice its the same as ir, use context)

poner → pon

tener → ten

ser → sé

what would “tan sabroso como” mean? A comparison of equality

as flavorful as

True or False: In affirmative commands, reflexive, indirect, and direct object pronouns are always attached to the end of the verb. In negative commands, these pronouns always precede the verb. 

true

How to form formal formal (ustedes/ ustedes) commands?

• dropping final -o of the yo form of the present tense

• for -ar verbs, add -e or -en

• for -er & -ir verbs, add -a or -an

ex. limpie (limpar)

How to form a formal negative command?

just add a “no” before the verb

How to form comparisons of inequality?

más/ menos + [adjective, adverb, noun] + que

How to form negative tú commands?

• drop the final -o from the yo form of present tense

• for -ar verbs:

  • add -es

• for -er & -ir verbs

  • -as

ex. no hables

When a comparison involves a numerical expression what do you use in stead of “que” for the comparison?

use “de” instead of que?

• ex. hay mas de cincuenta naranjas?

How do you form a comparison with verbs?

[verb] + más/menos que

• ex. mis hermanos comen mas que yo.

how to say “the worst” in spanish?

el/la peor

how to construct a superlative in Spanish?

el/la/los/las + [noun] + más/menos + [adjective] + de

ex. es el mas elegante de la cuidad.

How do you form the present subjective?

• form the yo present indicative

• drop the -o ending

• for -AR verbs

  • -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en

• for -er and -ir verbs

  • -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an

What is WEIRDO? What does each letter stand for?

It tells you when the subjunctive form is triggered

• Wishes

• Emotions

• Impersonal Expressions

• Requests/ recommendations

• Doubt/ Denial

• Ojala

What are from phrase triggers of the subjunctive for Wishes (Weirdo)?

• if the subject changes

• deseo que - i wish

• espero que - i hope

• necesito que - i need

• prefiero que - i perfer

• quiero que - i want

• insisto que - i insist

What are from phrase triggers of the subjunctive for emotions (wEirdo)?

• if the subject changes

• me alegra que - it makes me happy that…

• me enoja que - it angers me that…

• me gusta que

What are from phrase triggers of the subjunctive for impersonal expressions (weIrdo)?

• if the subject changes

• es necesario que

• es importate que

• es mejor que

• es deseable que - its desirable that

• es preferible que

• es prohibido que

What are from phrase triggers of the subjunctive for requests/recommendations (wieRdo)?

• if the subject changes

• aconsejo que - to advice

• exijo que - to demand

• pido que - to ask for

• permito que - to permit

• recomiendo que - to recommendar

• sugiero que - to suggest

What are from phrase triggers of the subjunctive for doubt/denial (wierDo)?

• even if the subject does not changes

• dudo que - i doubt that

• no creo que

• no pienso que

• no es cierto que

• es improbable que

if I say “ no dudo que” thats INDICATIVE cuz theres no doubt

What are from phrase triggers of the subjunctive for Ojala (wierdO)?

• even if the subject does not change

Ojala que…

What are some examples of some indefinite words?

• also

• algun - some/any

• alguien - someone

• siempre

• tambien

What are some examples of negative words?

• nada

• nadie

• ninguno/ ningun - none, not any, neither, nor

• nunca, jamás - never, not ever

• tampoco - neither, not either

Por and Para are used to describe aspects of movement, time, and action. Describe how each is used with movement differently?

• Por - through or by a place

  • the tour took us through downtown

  • nos llevo por el centro

• Para

  • towards a desitnations

  • my friends are going to the stadium

  • ellos van para el estadio

Por and Para are used to describe aspects of movement, time, and action. Describe how each is used with time differently?

• Por - duration of an event

  • Ana chatted for two hours

  • ana chateo por dos horas

• Para - action deadline

  • escribir un ensayo para mañana

  • i have to write an essay by tommorrow

Por and Para are used to describe aspects of movement, time, and action. Describe how each is used with action differently?

• Por - reason or motive for an action or circumstance

  • i got home late because of traffic

  • tarde por el traffico

• Para - Indication of for whom something is intended or done

  • a surprise for Eduardo

  • una sorpresa para Eduardo

What are the relative pronouns? How are they used

• que and quien(es), 

• “that” 

• the vacuum that works well

Explain how the subjunctive is used in adjective clauses?

• We are looking for someone hardworking?

  • the person may or may not exist, so subjunctive, cuz indefinite

Explain how the subjunctive is used in adverbial clauses?

With certain conjunctions, the subjunctive is used to express a hypothetical situation, uncertainty as to whether an action or event will take place, or a condition that may or may not be fulfilled.

• toma un foto antes que se vaya

• dejar un recado en caso de que Gustavo me llame

• a menos que

• con tal (de) que (provided that)

• If subject changes:

  • para que

  • sin que

What is the present perfect? How to conjugate haber into the present perfect? When does the past participle change in form?

• I have done something

• uses haber + past participle [-ido, -ado] (no word separating)

• he, has, ha, hemos, han

• only changes in form when used as an adjective

  • Clara ha abierto las ventanas vs. Las ventanas estan abiertas

  • Clara has opened the windows

What is el preterito pluscuamperfecto de indicativo? How do form it? What word is it often used with?

• past perfect - what someone had done or had occured before another past action, event, or state

• form with the imperfect of haber (había, habías, había, habíamos, habían) + past participle

• often used with “ya”, antes de…

• ex. Ella ya había salido cuando llamaron

• ex. antes de este ano nunca habia estudiado espanol.

What are the two ways to form the future? What about the irregulars? What are common irregulars?

• ir (conjugate) + a

• add the following endings to the infinitive form of the verb, same for all

  • estudiaré

  • estudiarás

  • estudiará

  • estudiaremos (notice no accent)

  • estudiarán

• if irregular, add the same ending to the irregular stem?

  • diré - decir

  • haré - hacer

  • podré - poner

  • querré - querer

  • tendré - tener

  • hay - habrá

What is the conditional tense? What are the conditional endings? For irregulars? Give example of common irregulars?

• Explains what you would do or what would happen under certain circumstances

  • "Si tuviera más dinero, iría de compras" (If I had more money, I would go shopping) for a hypothetical situation.

• also used to make requests

  • ¿Me podrías ayudar con mi tarea?

• Add following endings to the infinitive (same for all)

  • visitaría

  • visitarías

  • visitaría

  • visitaríamos

  • visitarían

• similar to the future, add the endings to the irregular stem

  • decir - diría

  • hacer - haría

  • poder - podría

  • poner - pondría

  • haber - habría

  • tener - tendría

  • venir - vendría