Principles of Law & Human Rights Practice Flashcards

These vocabulary flashcards cover foundational concepts of international law, human rights history, the structure of the United Nations, and specific protections for children, women, and persons with disabilities based on lecture training questions.

International Environmental Law

Regional and multilateral measures targeting areas from terrestrial to atmospheric pollution, wildlife conservation, and sustainability.

International Law of the Sea

A specialist area of international law that uses the "cannon shot" rule and primarily defines maritime activities and rights.

International Law of Trade

A field of law related to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

St Augustine

A historical figure who adopted the popular principle of protecting women, children, and the elderly from hostilities.

Richard II

The historical figure credited with issuing the "Articles of War."

Polis

The typical structure of a community in the ancient Greek world, similar to a state in the current period.

UNFCCC

Stands for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which aims to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere.

UDHR

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which serves as the base upon which modern international human rights law was founded.

Congress of Vienna

An event in $1815$ aimed at establishing a balance of power in Europe, which also led to the colonization of Asia and Africa.

International Criminal Law

Law that primarily deals with war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity, and possibly crimes against peace.

International Humanitarian Law

Also known as the "law of war" or the "law of armed conflict," it establishes guidelines to mitigate harm during hostilities.

Norms

Standards of behavior defined in terms of rights and obligations.

Peace of Westphalia ($1648$)

A treaty marking the transition to single states and the decline of the Church and Holy Roman Empire.

United Nations (UN)

An international organization established in $1945$ after the crimes of WWII, currently comprising $193$ member states.

UN Principal Organs

The six main bodies of the UN: General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat.

UN Security Council

The organ with primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security, containing $5$ permanent members.

GATT ($1947$)

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, established to eliminate economic instability through a liberal model of free trade.

Permanent Population

A community of people connected through the bond of nationality.

Internal Sovereignty

The principle that a state can act as it wishes within its own territory, independent of other powers.

External Sovereignty

Refers to a state being recognized as a state by other states.

Legitimacy

The condition of being in accordance with the norms and values of the people.

Inter-Governmental Organizations (IGOs)

Entities based on formal agreements between the governments of three or more nation-states, such as the United Nations.

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

Non-profit organizations that operate independently of any government to address social or political issues.

Coastal Water Limit

The territorial limit of coastal water set at $12$ nautical miles.

Air Space Limit

The territorial limit defined for air space, ranging from $50$ to $75$ miles.

4As of the Right to Education

The framework involving Availability, Accessibility, Acceptability, and Adaptability.

International Labour Organization (ILO)

An organization established in $1919$ to develop workplace standards.

Infans

A Latin word meaning "the one who does not speak," which is the origin of the term "child."

Child (CRC definition)

According to the $1989$ Convention, any human being below the age of $18$ years.

Juvenile Welfare Board

The specific board responsible for determining actions when a child commits a crime.

Disability

The lack of normal functioning regarding physical, mental, or psychological processes.

Accessibility (Disabled Rights)

The right for disabled individuals to get around to schools, work, or recreational facilities and fully participate in the community.

Harassment

Any sexual intentions or actions that occur without permission or consent.

Women's Personal Rights

Rights such as expressing an opinion, deciding whether to work, or the right to borrow property.

Women's Family Rights

Includes rights regarding marriage without pressure and the determination of a minimum age for marriage ($18$ years).

Hugo Grotius

Historical figure who defined rules for war and peace and the conditions for a "just war."

Failed State

A state that loses the capacity to exercise effective control due to a collapse of the system, such as Libya.

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

A UN body with $54$ members responsible for coordination and policy dialogue on economic, social, and environmental issues.