PBIO FINALS - Metabolic Pathways of Biomolecules Pt. 3

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35 Terms

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1. TricarboxylicAcid Cycle

2. Krebs Cycle

Citric Acid Cycle aka

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Citric Acid Cycle

A series of biochemical reactions in which the acetyl portion of acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2 and the reduced coenzymes (FADH2 ,NADH)are produced.

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1. Oxidation of NAD+ and FAD = NADH and FADH2

2. Decarboxylation of citric acid = Carbon Dioxide

Two important types of reactions in Citric Acid Cycle

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1. ATP

2. NADH

The rate at which the citric acid cycle operates is controlled by _____.

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citrate synthase

When ATP supply is high, ATP inhibits _____.

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ADP

When ATP levels are low, ____ activates citrate synthase.

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isocitrate dehydrogenase

ADP and NADH control ____.

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NADH

acts as an inhibitor

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ADP

as an activator

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electron transport chain

facilitates the passage of electrons trapped in FADH2 and NADH during citric cycle

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electron transport chain

This is a series of biochemical reactions in which intermediate carriers (CHON and non-CHON) is the transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions from NADH and FADH2.

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oxygen

ultimate receiver of electrons

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Water

2 Hydrogen + 2 Electron + 1/2 Oxygen =

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exothermic reaction

reaction releases energy

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inner mitochondrial membrane

The enzymes and electron carriers needed are located along the ______.

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1. Complex I - NADH-Coenzyme Q Reductase

2. Complex II - Succinate-Coenzyme Q reductase

3. Complex III - Coenzyme Q-Cytochrome C Reductase

4. Complex IV - Cytochrome C Oxidase

4 protein complexes

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1. Coenzyme Q

2. Coenzyme C

2 mobile electron carriers

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NADH

____ from citric acid cycle is the source of electrons for this complex.

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complex I

Facilitates transfer of electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q.

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Complex II - Succinate-Coenzyme Q Reductase

- 4 subunits including two iron sulfur protein clusters (FeSP)

- generates FADH2

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Coenzyme Q

the final recipient of the electrons from FADH2 in complex II

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Complex III - Coenzyme Q-Cytochrome C Reductase

- 11 subunits

- Iron-Sulfur proteins and Cytochromes are electron carriers in this complex

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Cytochrome

a heme iron protein in which reversible oxidation of an iron atom occurs

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Complex IV - Cytochrome C Oxidase

- 13 subunits

- Cyt C - Cyt A - Cyt A3

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95%

It is estimated that ____ of the O2 used by cells serves as the final electron acceptor for the ETC in complex IV.

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oxidative phosphorylation

Process by which ATP is synthesized from ADP and Pi using the energy released in the electron transport chain-coupled reactions.

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coupled reactions

pairs of biochemical reactions that occur concurrently in which energy released by one reaction is used in the other reactions

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1. Complex I

2. Complex III

3. Complex IV

have a second function in which they serve as proton pumps

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ATP synthesis

high concentration of protons passing through ATP synthase becomes the basis for the ____

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ATP

Formation of ____ accompanies the flow of protons from the intermembrane space back into the mitochondrial matrix.

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2.5 moles of ATP

each mole of NADH oxidized in the ETC

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1.5 moles of ATP

each mole of FADH2 oxidized in the ETC

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1 mole of ATP

each mole of GTP hydrolyzed

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ATP

the principal medium for energy exchange in biochemical processes

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reactive oxygen species

formed due to external influences such as polluted air, cigarette smoke, and radiation exposure