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1. TricarboxylicAcid Cycle
2. Krebs Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle aka
Citric Acid Cycle
A series of biochemical reactions in which the acetyl portion of acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2 and the reduced coenzymes (FADH2 ,NADH)are produced.
1. Oxidation of NAD+ and FAD = NADH and FADH2
2. Decarboxylation of citric acid = Carbon Dioxide
Two important types of reactions in Citric Acid Cycle
1. ATP
2. NADH
The rate at which the citric acid cycle operates is controlled by _____.
citrate synthase
When ATP supply is high, ATP inhibits _____.
ADP
When ATP levels are low, ____ activates citrate synthase.
isocitrate dehydrogenase
ADP and NADH control ____.
NADH
acts as an inhibitor
ADP
as an activator
electron transport chain
facilitates the passage of electrons trapped in FADH2 and NADH during citric cycle
electron transport chain
This is a series of biochemical reactions in which intermediate carriers (CHON and non-CHON) is the transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions from NADH and FADH2.
oxygen
ultimate receiver of electrons
Water
2 Hydrogen + 2 Electron + 1/2 Oxygen =
exothermic reaction
reaction releases energy
inner mitochondrial membrane
The enzymes and electron carriers needed are located along the ______.
1. Complex I - NADH-Coenzyme Q Reductase
2. Complex II - Succinate-Coenzyme Q reductase
3. Complex III - Coenzyme Q-Cytochrome C Reductase
4. Complex IV - Cytochrome C Oxidase
4 protein complexes
1. Coenzyme Q
2. Coenzyme C
2 mobile electron carriers
NADH
____ from citric acid cycle is the source of electrons for this complex.
complex I
Facilitates transfer of electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q.
Complex II - Succinate-Coenzyme Q Reductase
- 4 subunits including two iron sulfur protein clusters (FeSP)
- generates FADH2
Coenzyme Q
the final recipient of the electrons from FADH2 in complex II
Complex III - Coenzyme Q-Cytochrome C Reductase
- 11 subunits
- Iron-Sulfur proteins and Cytochromes are electron carriers in this complex
Cytochrome
a heme iron protein in which reversible oxidation of an iron atom occurs
Complex IV - Cytochrome C Oxidase
- 13 subunits
- Cyt C - Cyt A - Cyt A3
95%
It is estimated that ____ of the O2 used by cells serves as the final electron acceptor for the ETC in complex IV.
oxidative phosphorylation
Process by which ATP is synthesized from ADP and Pi using the energy released in the electron transport chain-coupled reactions.
coupled reactions
pairs of biochemical reactions that occur concurrently in which energy released by one reaction is used in the other reactions
1. Complex I
2. Complex III
3. Complex IV
have a second function in which they serve as proton pumps
ATP synthesis
high concentration of protons passing through ATP synthase becomes the basis for the ____
ATP
Formation of ____ accompanies the flow of protons from the intermembrane space back into the mitochondrial matrix.
2.5 moles of ATP
each mole of NADH oxidized in the ETC
1.5 moles of ATP
each mole of FADH2 oxidized in the ETC
1 mole of ATP
each mole of GTP hydrolyzed
ATP
the principal medium for energy exchange in biochemical processes
reactive oxygen species
formed due to external influences such as polluted air, cigarette smoke, and radiation exposure