Exam 2 Human Growth and Development

Risk factors for obesity in children

-low income, genetic factors, race, controlling parents (lack of internal cues), poor diet, lack of exercise

-still defined as 95%ile or above

gross motor skills examples

-throwing, skipping, balance, hopping, gripping, jumping, running

fine motor skills examples

-tying shoes, fastening buttons, manipulating objects

fine motor skills at ages 6-7

-tie shoes

-fasten buttons

fine motor skills by age 8

using hands independently

fine motor skills 11-12

manipulate objects as well as adults

why do fine motor skills increase during middle childhood

increasing amount of myelin between ages 6 and 8

asthma triggers

-respiratory infections, airborne irritants (pollution, smoke, dust mites, animal dander, excretion), stress, exercise, sudden changes in temperature or humidity

typical behaviors of individuals with ADHD

inattention, impulsiveness, low tolerance for frustration, inappropriate activity

car safety and injury prevention

using car seats, booster seats, seat belt, bike helmets, knee and elbow pads

why are psych disorders hard to diagnose in kids

-often different symptoms than adults, no standardized treatment

causes of learning disorders

-no clear cause

-may be related to environmental factors, delayed neural development

Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage

-ages 7-12

-active and appropriate use of logic

-understand reversibility of processes, conservation

-decentering

decentering

the ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account

deviation IQ scores

a type of intelligence measure that assumes that IQ is normally distributed around a mean of 100 with a standard deviation of about 15

stanford binet test

type of iq test that varies with age

WISC test

a type of intelligence test that measure verbal and nonverbal skills and total score

KABC test

a type of intelligence test that measures the ability to integrate different stimuli simultaneously and use step by step thinking

fluid intelligence

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

crystalized intelligence

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

what accounts for variation in Iq scores among races and ethnicities

varied cultural background and experiences

Industry vs inferiority stage

-6-12

-a focus to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and other complexities of the modern world.

success in the industry vs inferiority stage

feeling of mastery, proficiency, and a growing sense of competence

difficulties in industry vs inferiority

-feelings of failure and inadequacy and withdrawl from from academics and peers

when self-esteem normally declines

-around age 12 due to transition to middle school

authoritative parenting

type of parenting that can help break the cycles of failure associated with chronically low self-esteem

friendships from 4-7

friends who like them and with whom they share toys and activities. Don't consider personal qualities

friendships from 8-10

-take personal qualities into account

-based on mutual trust

friendship from ages 11-15

-based on loyalty, intimacy, some exclusivity

-mutual disclosures

boys play in middle childhood

-larger networks based on dominance hierarchy

-seek to maintain, improve status

-restrictive play

dominance hierarchy

rankings that represent relative social power

restrictive play

play that is interrupted when status is challenged

play in girls in middle childhood

-focus on one or two best friends of equal status, avoid conflicts (compromise, ignore, or give in)

-okay with confrontation when it is with girls they aren't friends with, boys

development and adjustment in heterosexual vs homosexual parents

-little difference

-sexual orientation is unrelated

-parent-child relationships are better with the same gender parent

-similar relationships with other adults, peers

risk associated with low socioeconomic status, chronic stress

-fewer basic resources, more disruptions to life

-parents may be less attentive due to work, housing situations

-poorer academic performance, higher rates of aggression

-increased physical and mental health issues

-hit worst by the pandemic

onset of puberty in females

-begins sooner than in males.

-marked by the onset of mensuration

-influenced by environment, health, and cultural factors

-occurs sooner in higher SES

BMI and mesuration

-lower body fat= later

-higher body fat= sooner

-body fat is related to hormonal regulation

secular trend

change occurring over generations

primary sex characteristics

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

secondary sex characteristics

visible signs of sexual maturity that don't involve the sex organs directly

effects of early maturation in boys

-more successful as athletes, more popular, better self-concept

-may also lead to difficulties in school, delinquency

effects of early maturation in girls

may feel uncomfortable and different, may endure ridicule from less mature classmates. May also increase popularity, leading to a better self-concept

nutritional requirements of adolescents

-calories: 2,200 (girls) 2,800 (boys)

-calcium (bone growth)

-iron (prevent anemia)

-eating of a balanced diet

anorexia nervosa

a type of eating disorder in which the individual refuses to eat

bulimia

characterized by binging followed by purging

function of the prefrontal cortex

impulse control, reasoning, and judgement

development of prefrontal cortex in adolescents

-becomes better at communicating other parts of the brain

-impulse control not fully developed

-reasoning/judgement still developing

how much sleep adolescents need

8-10 hours

-most don't get enough

sleep patterns in adolescents

-go to bed later, get up later

-interferes with school schedules

Piaget's formal operational stage

-development of the ability to think abstractly, use formal reasoning and proportional thought

-can lead to increased questioning of authority, idealism, can become argumentative, indecisive

proportional thought

reasoning that uses abstract in absence of concrete examples

formal reasoning

start with a general theory about an outcome, deduce explanations for situations with a particular outcome

adolescent egocentrism

state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed as focused on oneself

-imaginary audience, personal fables

relationship between poverty and academic performance

-less advantages, worse nutrition and health

-children with early problems fall even more behind

-higher rates of drop out

-lack of digital access

identity vs role confusion

-when teens seek to determine what is unique/distinctive about themselves

-those who struggle to find a suitable identity choose socially unacceptable roles, have difficulties with relationships and a diffuse sense of self

diffuse sense of self

failing to organize around a central, unified core identity

most common causes of suicide

-family and peer relationships

-self esteem issues

-depression, abuse, and drugs

how to treat a potentially suicidal individual

-talk to the person, express support, make environment safe, find help

autonomy and the parent child relationship

-causes it to move toward symmetry

-rebellion occurs

-conflict around what is appropriate behavior

social comparison

a way to evaluate opinions, abilities, and physical change

-causes peers to become more important in adolescence as parents cannot provide this

what determines participation in cliques

degree of similarity

teen pregnancy rate trends

-decreased in all groups due to increased awareness of the risks of unprotected sex, decreasing rates of sex, and increased use of condoms, contraception

-still high among non-white groups

red flags for suicide

-talk about suicide

-school difficulties

-making arrangements/writing a will

-changes in eating

-general depression

-dramatic changes in behavior

-preoccupation with death

minimum exercise requirements for young adults

-150 minutes/week

-should try to use muscle groups at least 2/week

benefits of exercise

-better cardiovascular efficiency

-lung capacity increases

-muscles stronger/more flexible

-reduces osteoporosis

-optimizes immune response

-better mental health

secondary aging

physical declines brought about by environmental factors or behavioral choices

cortisol

increases with stress

stress and disease

-reduced ability to deal with future stress

-can damage immune system

-trigger psychosomatic diseases like asthma

triarchic theory of intelligence

intelligence has three parts

-componential, experiential, and contextual

componential part of intelligence

-analyzing data to solve problems

experiential intelligence

using intelligence and prior experience to cope with new situations

contextual intelligence

-degree of success in facing the demands of everyday environments

can IG predict career success

it is only marginally reliable

practical intelligence

learned primarily by observing others, watching their behavior

emotional intelligence

the set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions

gender gaps in college

-more women attend (more socially desirable)

-men from lower SES might not have role model who attended to college

-men have more opportunities to make money right out of high school

first generation college students

-more likely to have 1st-year adjustment reaction: a cluster of psychological symptoms including loneliness, anxiety, and depression relating to college experience

dropout rates in college

-only 40% graduate in 4 years with a degree

-dropout due to financial difficulties, changes in life situations, academic difficulties

intimacy vs isolation

-post adolescence-early 30s

-focuses on developing close, intimate relationships with others

-intimacy is selflessness and devotion to a partner

how can isolation affect relationships

-cause the person to be lonely, isolated, and fearful of relationships

triangular theory

-says love has three parts

-intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment

intimacy in triangular theory

closeness, affection, and connectedness

passion in triangular theory

motivational drives of sex, physical closeness, and romance

Decision/ Commitment in triangular theory

both initial cognition that one loves another person and the longer term determination to maintain that love

nonlove

absence of intimacy, passion, and commitment

infatuated love

no intimacy, commitment. Only passion

liking

intimacy only. No passion or commitment

empty love

commitment only. Not passion or intimacy

romantic love

intimacy and passion. No commitment

companionate love

intimacy and commitment. No passion

fatuous love

passion and commitment without intimacy

consummate love

intimacy, passion, commitment

secure attachment

positive attachments rooted in trust and marked by intimacy

characteristics of a successful marriage

-show affection

-communicate relatively little negativity

-perceive themselves as part of an interdependent couple

-experience social homogamy (similar leisure activities, role preferences)

Ginzberg's stages of career development

fantasy period, tentative period, realistic period

fantasy period

-less than 11

-choices made without regard to skill, ability, available jobs

tentative period

-adolescents begin to think job requirements and their skills and abilities

realistic period

young adults explore specific career options through experience/training

extrinsic motivation

drives people to obtain tangible rewards like money, prestige

intrinsic motivation

causes people to work for their own enjoyment, not the the rewards work may bring them