Sport in 21st Century Britain and Globalisation

Vocabulary flashcards covering the social, cultural, and political factors affecting sport in the 21st century, including globalisation, the Olympics, and legal rulings.

Social Mobility

The ability for individuals to move between social classes rather than having their status decided from birth; a characteristic of the $21^{st}$ century where the class system is less pronounced.

Sports Legislation

Specific laws created to cover sport-related legal issues, including anti-doping, anti-corruption, and discrimination laws.

Negligence

A legal concept involving a failure to exercise reasonable care; in sport, this is seen in cases such as a rugby referee being sued for poor control of a scrum.

Litigation

The process of taking legal action, which has increased in the $21^{st}$ century as players, coaches, and referees are more likely to be sued.

Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS)

An international body that handles appeals and legal disputes in sport, such as the Russian Olympic ban appeal in $2016$.

Equality Act

A law used to challenge stereotypes and promote fair opportunities in sport, though it is not sport-specific and can be critiqued for gendering activities or diverting funds from male sports.

Globalisation (of sport)

The process where sport becomes a worldwide business/market characterized by extensive media coverage, freedom of movement for players, and regular international fixtures.

The Bosman Ruling ($1995$)

A European Court of Justice decision involving Jean-Marc Bosman that established EU football players can move to new clubs for free after their contracts expire, removing transfer fees and increasing player power.

Global Sporting Event

An elite-level international competition, such as the Olympics or FIFA World Cup, that is highly commercialized, features world-class facilities, and sometimes shows political agendas.

‘Shop Window’ Effect

A political and economic benefit of hosting a global event where only the positive aspects of a country are promoted through media to increase trade and tourism.

Appeasement

A social positive of hosting an event where the experience satisfies or gratifies the local population.

Rule $40$

A rule in the Olympic Charter that prohibits the use of athletes' names or images in advertising during the Games by non-sponsors, unless the advertising is 'Generic' and started at least $90$ days prior.

The TOP Programme

Stands for 'The Olympic Partner' programme; a global sponsorship initiative managed by the IOC since $1985$ to generate revenue for Organising Committees and the Olympic Movement.

Pierre De Coubertin

The founder of the modern Olympics in $1894$, who drew inspiration from the ancient Olympics, the Much Wenlock Games, and 19th-century British public schools like Rugby.

IOC (International Olympic Committee)

The organization established in $1894$ that oversees the Olympic rules, selects host cities, and manages the commercialization of the games.

BOA (British Olympic Association)

The body that selects Team GB, prepares athletes with training camps, and liaises with other elite sport organizations like UK Sport and the IOC.

Citius, Altius, Fortius

The Olympic motto meaning 'Faster, Higher, Stronger,' representing the value of encouraging effort.

Paralympics

A competition originating from WWII veterans with back injuries, with the first official games held in Rome in $1960$; it now includes six categories of disability.

Propaganda

Biased information used to influence an audience toward a cause, such as Hitler's use of the $1936$ Berlin Olympics to promote the 'Aryan superior race'.

Apartheid

The system of racial segregation in South Africa that led to threats of boycotting the $1968$ Mexico City Olympics.

Black September

The Palestinian terrorist organization responsible for the Munich $1972$ Olympic massacre of $11$ members of the Israeli team.

Boycott

The act of refusing to participate in an event as a form of protest, such as the USA-led boycott of the $1980$ Moscow Olympics following the invasion of Afghanistan.

Liberty Bell Classic

An alternative sporting event organized in the USA for athletes from countries participating in the boycott of the $1980$ Moscow Games.

Friendship Games

An event organized by the Soviet Union and other Eastern bloc countries as a 'tit for tat' response to the boycott of the $1980$ Games, occurring during the $1984$ Los Angeles Olympics.