Cells

organelles

• little organs

organelles

• specialized parts of a cell that have unique jobs to perform

nucleus

• contains the dna or genetic material

nucleus

• contains nucleolus

nucleus

• command and control center of the cell

chromatin

• tangled, spread out form of DNA found inside the nuclear membrane 

chromosomes 

• when cell is ready to divide, it condenses into structures called 

nucleolus 

• where ribosomes are made

nucleolus 

• contained inside nucleus

cytoplasm

• contains dissolved solutes

cytoplasm 

• jelly-like substance where ribosomes float

endoplasmic reticulum 

• membrane enclosed passageway for transporting materials

endoplasmic reticulum 

• 2 types rough and smooth

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• produce lipids, cholesterol, and hormones

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• detoxification, breaks down toxins

rough endoplasmic reticulum 

• has ribosomes attached to it

rough endoplasmic reticulum 

• assists in production of proteins

rough endoplasmic reticulum 

• transport proteins using vesicles

golgi apparatus/ golgi body

• receives proteins and other materials in small vesicles 

golgi apparatus/ golgi body

• folds proteins into usable shapes or adds other materials such as lipids or carbohydrates

golgi apparatus/ golgi body

• protein folding 

vacuoles 

• sac-like structures that stores different materials

vacuoles 

• present in plant cells

lysosome

• garbage collectors that take in damaged or worn-out cell parts

lysosome

• filled with enzymes that break down cellular debris

lysosome

• contains digestive enzymes 

lysosome

• destroy pathogens (in white blood cells) 

mitochondria

• organelle that is the powerhouse of the cell 

mitochondria

• cellular respiration makes atp molecules

mitochondria

• has its own separate dna that only comes from the mother

cytoskeleton

• maintains the shape 

cytoskeleton

• consists of 3 network of fibers: microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

microtubules

• largest of the 3 network fibers

• made up of tubulin

• structural support and transportation

• protein sub unit

microfilaments

• smallest of the 3 network fibers

• made up of actin

• elongation and contraction

intermediate filaments

• provide mechanical support

• thread-like units

chloroplast

• where photosynthesis happens

chloroplast

• green pigment called chlorophyll 

cell wall

• outside of their cell membrane that shape, support, and protect the plant cell

centrioles

• active during cell division, mitotic spindle 

centrioles

• pulls apart chromosomes

cell membrane

• phospholipid bilayer

cell membrane

• selectively permeable 

cell membrane

• contains protein channels

ribosomes

• makes proteins that are used to repair any damage

nucleus

The ___ stores and transmits information.

nucleus

Genetic or hereditary information is encoded in DNA, a component of the chromosomes inside the _____.

Nucleolus

RNA molecules in ribosomes are manufactured and the large and small ribosomal subunits are assembled.

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis

Eukaryotic ribosomes

_____ are not only scattered free in the cytosol, but are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum

free ribosomes

Proteins manufactured by ____ either remain in the cytosol or are imported into other organelles, such as the nucleus

Endoplasmic reticulum

Site of synthesis, processing, and storage

Golgi apparatus

site of protein processing, sorting, and shipping

Golgi apparatus

a collection of flattened sacs called cisternae

lysosomes

recycling centers

lysosomes

oval or globular organelles that contain enzymes to digest macromolecules.

lysosomes

contain about 40 different enzymes, each specialized for hydrolyzing different types of macromolecules proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, or carbohydrates

Vacuoles

• storage centers in plant and fungal cells

Vacuoles

• vary in size and function

Vacuoles

some contain digestive enzymes and serve as recycling centers

Vacuoles

most are large storage containers

Peroxisomes

site of oxidation reactions

Peroxisomes

globular organelles that contain enzymes involved in detoxifying reactive molecules, such hydrogen peroxide

Peroxisomes

centers for reduction oxidation (redox) reactions.

Chloroplast

sugar-manufacturing centers in plants and algae

Chloroplast

many of the enzymes and other molecules required for photosynthesis are located in membranes inside the chloroplast

Chloroplast

membranes form thylakoids that consist of discs stacked into grana

Principles of Cell Theory

• All living things are made up of cells

• Smallest living unit of structure and function of all living organisms is the cell

• All cells arise from pre-existing cells (this principle discarded the idea of spontaneous generation)

Robert Hooke

• Observed silver of cork

• Saw “ raw of empty boxes”

• Coined the term cell

Channels or Transporters

Types of Membrane Proteins:

These proteins act as gatekeepers or tunnels embedded in the cell membrane. It enables certain ions or molecules to traverse the membrane.

Receptors

Types of Membrane Proteins:

They are like antennas on the cell surface. They detect signals from the external environment, such as hormones or neurotransmitters, and relay these signals into the cell to initiate specific reactions.

Glycoproteins

Types of Membrane Proteins:

These proteins have carbohydrate molecules attached to them. They have multiple roles within the cell membrane, such as facilitating cell communication, promoting cell attachment, and aiding in immune responses.

Enzymes

Types of Membrane Proteins:

Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions such as the breakdown of molecules or the synthesis of new ones.