AP Euro test 1

Boccaccio's Decameron

1620 | Young nobles hide out in a villa outside Florence during Black Death, god is angry

On Earthquakes as the Cause of Plague

Cause of Plague: bad air bc of an earthquake, Occurs on a religious holiday → God is also involved

Herman Gigas's Well Poisoning

Cause of Plague: Jews poisoning wells , Only the most "powerful" + under torture, Conspiracy against Catholics

Pope Innocent III Misery of Human Condition

1194/1195, Humans are born to work, Sinful from birth + proud of sinning, Men want: riches, pleasure, honors = lead to immortality, shame, and vanity

Baldassare Castiglione The Courtier

1528 Rounded education, good conduct, natural gifts, liberal arts, honor to fulfilling civic duty = men, Beautiful, act gracefully/elegantly, demure/not a gossip, competent with raising household (bearing children, managing staff, support husband), fidelity bc woman is reflection of household, managing a budget = women

Alberti Merchant's Wife

1400s, Don't want a woman that speaks her mind | must be demure + innocent, Eloquent + not engage in conversation unless directed | no gossip | little access to education, keeper of home, Not allowed to handle business → prohibited from entering office

Mirandola Oration on the Dignity of Man

1486, human beings possess inherent dignity and potential, emphasizing the importance of free will and the capacity for self-determination.

Machiavelli The Prince

1513, fear > love, fear not hate, love = no loyalty

Erasmus Edu of Christian Prince

1516, righteousness, image of god, war is misfortune, help others even if you risk smth

Humanism

Classical literature | liberal arts

Petrarch

Father of humanism

Civic Humanism

Duty to live an active life for state; participation in politics (urban value), Circero as model

Lorenzo Valla

Italian philosopher | humanist | proper Latin, Critical Textual Analysis = close reading | annotating | sourcing, "Donation of Constantine" was a fraud

Neoplatonism

Christianity + Plato, Spiritual love → all parts of universe + held together w/ sympathetic love

Hermeticism

framework for humanistic to recover ancient knowledge + humans can elevate themselves bc they have a deeper understanding of the universe, alchemy, magic, nature, Pico Della Mirandola

Leon Battista Alberti

First "renaissance man", Men can do all things if they will, L'umo universale = universal man | new social ideal, Human potentiality

Moveable Metal Type

Printing tech by Gutenberg; enabled mass production of books, spread of Reformation and humanism. c. 1445

Jacob Burckhardt

19th-century historian; framed the Renaissance as the "birth of modernity." 1818-1897

Taille

Direct French land tax on non-nobles; symbol of monarchical centralization and class tension. Expanded after 1439

Charles the Bold

Duke of Burgundy; his death ended Burgundian ambitions, leading to Habsburg-French rivalry. r. 1467-1477

Louis IX

Saintly King of France; led Crusades and centralized royal justice. r. 1226-1270

Wars of the Roses

English dynastic civil war between York and Lancaster; led to rise of Tudors. 1455-1485

Richard III

Last Yorkist king; killed at Bosworth. Famously vilified in Shakespeare's play. r. 1483-1485

Henry VII Tudor

First Tudor monarch; ended Wars of the Roses, strengthened monarchy. r. 1485-1509

Court of Star Chamber

Royal court used by Tudors to control nobles and enforce royal justice. est. c. 1487

Isabella of Castile

Queen of Castile; united Spain with Ferdinand, launched Inquisition, sponsored Columbus. r. 1474-1504

Ferdinand of Aragon

King of Aragon; co-ruled Spain with Isabella; centralized monarchy, expelled Jews. r. 1479-1516

Dynastic Union

Marriage-based unification (e.g., Castile + Aragon); led to political centralization. 1469 (Isabella & Ferdinand)

King Matthias Corvinus

Hungarian Renaissance king; reformed army and administration, supported humanism. r. 1458-1490

Battle of Kosovo

Key Ottoman-Serbian battle; opened path to Ottoman dominance in Balkans. 1389

Mehmet II

Ottoman Sultan; conquered Constantinople, ending Byzantine Empire. r. 1451-1481

Condottieri

Mercenary leaders in Italian city-states; vital but often unstable military forces. 14th-16th centuries

Francesco Sforza

Condottiere who became Duke of Milan; established Sforza dynasty. r. 1450-1466 (Milan)

Isabella d'Este

Marchesa of Mantua; major female Renaissance patron and political figure. 1474-1539

5 Major Italian States

Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, Naples—dominant powers of Renaissance Italy. 15th century

Peace of Lodi

Treaty that stabilized Italian states and balance of power diplomacy. 1454

Sofonisba Anguissola

Female Renaissance painter; gained fame at Philip II's court in Spain. c. 1532-1625

Artemisia Gentileschi

Baroque female artist; painted strong women; overcame personal trauma. 1593-c.1656

Lavinia Fontana

One of first female artists to paint female nudes; successful in Bologna. 1552-1614

Angela Merici

Founded Ursuline order; focused on girls' education during Catholic Reformation. 1474-1540

Ursuline Sisters

Catholic order founded by Merici; emphasized girls' education and moral reform. Founded 1535

Christine de Pizan

French-Italian author; early feminist voice; wrote The City of Ladies. 1364-c.1430

Laura Cereta

Italian humanist writer; promoted women's intellectual potential in Renaissance. 1469-1499

Isotta Nogarola

Early female humanist; wrote theological dialogues; challenged gender roles. 1418-1466

Lucrezia Borgia

Daughter of Pope Alexander VI; used as political pawn; duchess and patron. 1480-1519

Vittoria Colonna

Poet and close friend of Michelangelo; part of Italian literary Renaissance. 1492-1547

Elisabetta Gonzaga

Duchess of Urbino; known for her cultured court and patronage. 1471-1526

Queen Elizabeth I

English queen; led England during its "Golden Age," defeated Spanish Armada. r. 1558-1603

Mary Queen of Scots

Catholic cousin of Elizabeth I; executed for plotting against her. 1542-1587

Catherine de Medici

Queen mother and regent of France; key figure in French Wars of Religion. 1519-1589

John Wycliffe

English theologian; criticized Church wealth and corruption; translated Bible into English. c. 1320s-1384

Lollards

Followers of Wycliffe; advocated for vernacular Bible and Church reform. Late 14th century

John Hus

Bohemian reformer; burned at Council of Constance; influenced Protestantism. c. 1369-1415

Spanish Inquisition

A tribunal established by Ferdinand and Isabella to enforce Catholic orthodoxy

Concordat of Bologna (1516)

An agreement between King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X allowing the French king to appoint bishops

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

A treaty that ended religious conflict in the Holy Roman Empire by allowing each ruler to determine their state’s religion (Catholicism or Lutheranism).

Edict of Nantes (1598)

A decree by King Henry IV of France granting religious toleration to Huguenots

Act of Uniformity 1558

Queen elizabeth; unify church (protestant + get rid of Catholic); regulate prayer (book of common prayer)