Psycho - Bio Test 4

pupil

The opening through which light enters the eye

visual cliff

A large table with Plexiglas, used to demonstrate depth perception in small children.

eardrum

a piece of skin stretched over the entrance to the ear; vibrates to sound

Gestalt

an organized whole, shape, or form

Rod

a visual receptor most sensitive to the violet-purple wavelengths; very sensitive for night vision; "sees" only black and white

color constancy

the ability to perceive an object as the same color regardless of the environment

Pitch

How high or low a sound is

similarity

a perceptual cue that involves grouping like things together

after image

the firing of the cones not used after viewing something steadily in order to bring the visual system back in balance

brightness constancy

By taking an average, the human visual network keeps brightness constant as an object is moved to various environments

binocular disparity

The difference between the images provided by each eye; when the images are brought together they provide depth

white light

light as it originates from the sun or a bulb before it is broken into different frequencies

subliminal perception

stimulation presented below the level of consciousness

Perception

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

Assembling and organizing sensory information to make it meaningful

auditory nerve

bundle of nerves carrying sound to the brain

cochlea

snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that is filled with fluid and small hairs which vibrates to incoming sound

space constancy

keeping objects in the environment steady

audition

hearing

Mueller-Lyer Illusion

Two "arrowhead" pictures in which one inner line looks longer than the other

size constancy

the ability to retain the size of an object regardless of where it is located

blind spot

the portion of the retina through which the optic nerve exits and where there are no receptors for light waves

reversible figure

Illusion in which two alternate figures are seen, first one then the other

Decibels

a measure of how loud a sound is

Olfaction

smell

proximity

a perceptual cue that involves grouping together things that are near one another

Retina

The back of the eye which contains millions of receptors for light

visual texture

depth perception based on how rough or smooth objects appear

Timbre

The complexity of a sound

color blindness

inability to perceive certain colors

Sensation is to___ as perception is to_______.

bottom-up processing; top-down processing

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information is called

perception

subliminal stimuli are

below our absolute threshold for conscious awareness

Another term for difference threshold is the

just noticeable difference

Weber's law states that for a difference to be perceived, two stimuli must differ by

a constant minimum percentage

Sensory adaptation helps us focus on

important changes in the environment

Our perceptual set influences what we perceive. This mental tendency reflects our

experiences, assumptions, and expectations

The characteristic of light that determines the color we experience, such as blue or green, is

wavelength

The amplitude of a light wave determines our perception of

brightness

The blind spot in your retina is located where

the optic nerve leaves the eye

Cones are the eye's receptor cells that are especially sensitive to __________ light and are responsible for our __________ vision.

bright; color

The cells in the visual cortex that respond to certain lines, edges, and angles are called

feature detectors

The brain's ability to process many aspects of an object or a problem simultaneously is called

Parallel processing

Our tendencies to fill in the gaps and to perceive a pattern as continuous are two different examples of the organizing principle called

grouping

In listening to a concert, you attend to the star performer. This illustrates the organizing principle of

Figure-ground

The visual cliff experiments suggest that

crawling human infants and very young animals perceive depth

depth perception underlies our ability to

judge distances

Two examples of __________ depth cues are interposition and linear perspective.

monocular

Perceiving a tomato as consistently red, despite lighting shifts, is an example of

perceptual constancy

After surgery to restore vision, patients who had been blind from birth had difficulty

recognizing objects by sight

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