Criminal justice quiz 4

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When is the earliest record of prison?

2050 BC in Egypt.

What were monastery prisons in medieval Europe?

Religious institutions where bishops assumed judicial roles and offenders were confined.

When did England begin constructing prisons for offensive behavior?

Mid-13th century.

What did other European prisons resemble during the medieval period?

Dungeons 

What was penal transportation?

England and Great Britain sent convicted felons as forced colonists overseas.

What were “hulks”?

Old merchant and naval ships converted into floating prisons used temporarily

What happened to repeat offenders in the 1700s?

They were banished or publicly executed.

What replaced public executions after 1870?

Forced labor.

What were Bridewells?

Workhouses for the poor convicted, who labored 10–12 hours daily.

Who was Jonas Hanway?

He promoted reform through religious influence in his book Solitude.

Before the American Revolution, what was long-term incarceration used for?

As an alternative to corporal punishment.

What issues did early U.S. prisons face

Disorder, riots, and frequent escapes.

Who influenced penitentiary reform?

Ben Rush and Quaker reformers.

What system introduced solitary confinement and hard labor?

The Pennsylvania System.

When did Eastern State Penitentiary open?

1829.

What did Northern penitentiaries emphasize?

Education and vocational training.

What was the first reformatory and when did it open?

Elmira Reformatory, 1876.

Who influenced reformatory ideals?

Alexander Maconochie and Zebulon Brockway.

What sentence type encouraged rehabilitation?

Indeterminate sentences

Who reformed women’s prisons?

Elizabeth Fry and Dorothea Dix 

What was unique about women’s reformatories?

Built as small cottages; African American women often segregated or in custodial prisons.

What replaced slavery in the South?

Prison labor leasing

What was convict leasing?

State prisoners leased to private contractors for labor on roads and bridges.

When did the leasing system end?

During the Great Depression

What did Congress authorize in 1891?

Three federal penitentiaries

When was the Federal Bureau of Prisons established?

1930

What is the “medical model”?

Viewing criminal behavior as a disease to diagnose and treat.

What did the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 create?

Multiple federal crime programs, later forming the Office of Justice Programs.

What was the “Get Tough” era?

Nixon-era policies focusing on punishment over treatment.

What caused prison overcrowding?

Abolishment of parole boards and reduced early release.

What are most federal offenders imprisoned for today?

Drug offenses

What do jails house?

Pretrial detainees and convicted offenders

Who operates jails?

City or county law enforcement agencies.

what factors determine jail placement 

Conviction status, charge severity, conduct, gang affiliation, enemies.

What is minimum security?

Most freedom and privileges (19% of prisons).

What is medium security?

Freedom within prison grounds but cannot leave perimeter.

what is maximum security

Highest control, least movement and privileges.

What are most juvenile dispositions

Probation or deferred adjudication.

How many juveniles are placed out of home?

about 1 in 4

What are private prisons?

Run by non-government entities under state/federal contract

How many prisoners are held privately?

abou 116,000

Who are the largest providers?

GEO Group Inc. and CoreCivic

Main goal of institutional corrections?

Deprive liberty and protect society while offering rehabilitation.

What is the most common punishment type?

Fines

What happens if fines aren’t paid

Wage garnishment or license suspension

What are halfway houses 

Residential facilities for reintegration since the 1800s.

What must residents do

Work, pay rent, attend treatment, drug test, complete chores.

When did electronic monitoring begin?

1970s with landline systems.

How does GPS monitoring work?

Tracks offender location via satellite towers.

What are day reporting centers 

Facilities where clients live at home but report daily for treatment and classes.

What are therapeutic communities

6–9 month residential programs for severe addiction with 6–12 months aftercare.

Main goal of batterer intervention programs

increase responsibility, emotional control, and reduce isolation.

What percent of graduates had no further assault arrests?

65%

Ways offenders leave probation/community corrections?

Successful completion, death, new crime, or technical violations.

How can community correction improve?

Fewer rules, graduated sanctions, treatment paired with supervision.