Module 1: Overview of Microbiology

normal microbiota. 

microbes that live stably on or in the human body without causing disease under normal conditions

The total number of human body cells

The number of microbes that make up the human normal microbiota is essentially equivalent to:

Bacteria within the gut aid in the digestion of foods, and some synthesize vitamins that are needed by our cells, such as vitamin K and some B vitamins

How can gut bacteria be beneficial to us>

Biofuel production

energy that uses microbes (e.g., ethanol and methane)

Bioremediation

using microbes to clean up toxic pollutants (oil, solvents, pesticides, heavy metals, etc.

Recycle water

sewage treatment uses microbes to:

Breakdown organic municipal waste

composting uses microbes to:

Biocontrol

using microbes to control disease-causing plant pests

vinegar, yogurt, pickles, cheese, sauerkraut, soy sauce, wine, beer, bread, chocolate

microbes are used to produce foods such as:

gene therapy

using viruses or microbial-derived gene editing tools (e.g. CRISPR/Cas) to treat certain genetic disorders.

Pathogens

microbes causing disease

infectious diseases

diseases caused by pathogens

resistance

Ability of a pathogen to cause disease depends on the disease-producing properties of the microbe and the host’s ability to ward disease (resistance)

opportunistic pathogens/opportunistic diseases

Pathogens that only cause disease when an opportunity presents itself

Nosocomial infections or healthcare-associated infectious (HAI)

infection acquired while receiving treatment for other conditions at a healthcare facility.

Antimicrobial resistant pathogens

HAI are increasingly being caused by:

prokaryotes

genetic material is NOT enclosed in a nuclear membrane

Prokaryotes

Bacteria are classified as:

unicellular

The majority of bacteria are: (unicellular/mulitcellular?)

Binary fission

how do bacteria reproduce?

peptoglycan

Bacteria cell walls are composed of

1. bacillus

2. coccus

3. Spiral

Shapes of bacteria [3]

Bacillus

Rod-like shape

Coccus

spherical or ovoid shape

Spiral

curved or corkscrew shape

Bacteriology

study of bacteria

eukaryotes

fungi are classifised as:

eukaryotes

Genetic material is enclosed within a nuclear membrane

Chitin, glucans, and/or mannans

fungi cell walls are composed of:

1. yeasts

2. molds

Fungi incllude [2]

Mycology

study of fungi

spherical or oval shape

Yeast shape:

Budding or binary fission

how do yeast reproduce?

unicellular

yeast are (multi/unicellular?)

mold

filamentous fungi

mycelia

fungi form these massess composed of numerous, filamentous cells

spores

mold reproduces by

Hyphae

mycelia are composed of these filamentous cells

Mycoses

diseases cased by fungi

1. Systemic

2. Subcutaneous

3. Cutaneous – e.g. Athlete’s foot

4. superficial

5. Opportunistic – e..g oral candidiasis

five types of mycoses

unicellular, eukaryotic cells

protozoa are classified as:

in water and moist environments

Where are protozoa found?

1. cilia

2. flagella

3. pseudopods

Protozoa move through their environment using structures such as [3]

plasmodium

protozoa that causes malaria

Entamoeba histolytica:

protozoa that causes amebic dysentery

Giardia duodenalis:

protozoa that causes giardiasis (beaver fever)

Trichomonas vaginalis:

protozoa that causes urinary and genital tract infections

multicellular, eukaryotic animals

helminths are classified as:

Tapeworms

Flukes

Roundworms

parasitic helminths of medical significance [3]

electron microscope

the only way viruses can be seen:

acellular, viral core made up of either DNA or RNA that is surrounded by a protein coat

structure of viruses:

within a living host cell using host cell machnery

how must viruses replicate?

bacteriophages

when viruses infect bacteria

latinized biomial system of genus (plural: genera) and specific epithet (species).

bacteria, fungi, and protozoa are named using the

the genus name is the first name and is always capitalized but The species name follows and is not capitalized

what is capitalized when naming bacteria, fungi, protozoa?

specific epithet

“species”