Exam #2 Speech Communications

Brainstorming

Brainstorming

The method of spontaneously generating ideas through word association, topic mapping, or internet browsing

Word association

A brainstorming technique used to generate and narrow speech topics in which one writes down ideas as they come to mind, beginning with a single word

Topic mapping

a brainstorming technique in which you lay out words in diagram form to show categorial relationships among them

General speech purpose

A statement of the broad speech purpose that answers the question, “why am I speaking on this topic for this particular audience and occasion? To inform, to persuade, or to celebrate

Informative speaking

to increase the audience's awareness and understanding of a topic by defining, describing, explaining, and demonstrating your knowledge of the subject

Specific speech purpose

describes in action form what you want to achieve with the speech

Thesis statement

concisely identifies what the speech is about

Supporting material

examples, narratives, testimonies, facts, and statistics that support the speech thesis and form the speech

Brief examples

offer a single illustration of a point

Extended examples

offer extended illustrations of the idea, item, or event being described, thereby allowing the speaker to create a more detailed picture for the audience

Hypothetical examples

An illustration of something that could happen in the future if certain events were to occur

Story

the telling of a chain of events

Narratives

A story based on personal experiences or imaginary incidents

Anecdotes

brief stories of interesting and often humorous incidents based on real life experiences, the moral is the most important part of an anecdote

Testimony

firsthand findings, eyewitness accounts, and people’s opinion

Expert testimony

includes information from trained professionals in the field

Lay testimony

testimony supplied by nonexperts

Facts

represents documented occurrences including actual events, dates, people, and places

Statistics

qualified evidence that summarizes, compares, and predicts things

Cherry picking

selecting only those statistics that buttress their own arguments while ignoring competing data

Deep web

the large portion of the web that general search engines cannot access because the information is not indexed by them or is fee-based

Information

data that is presented in an understandable context

Propaganda

information represented in such a way as to provoke a desired response

Misinformation

always refers to something that is not true

Disinformation

the deliberate falsification of information

Primary sources

provide firsthand accounts or direct evidence of events, objects, or people

Secondary sources

provide analysis or commentary about things not directly observed or created

Common knowledge

information that is likely to be known by many people and described in multiple places

Oral citation

credits the source of speech material that is derived from other people’s ideas

Source credibility

refers to our level of trust in a sources credentials and track record for providing accurate information

Source qualifier

a brief description of the sources qualifications to address the topic

Volume

the relative loudness of a speaker’s voice while delivering a speech, is usually the most obvious vocal element we notice about a speaker, with a good reason

Pitch

the range of sounds from high to low (vice versa)

Intonation

the rising and falling of sound across phrases and sentences

Speaking rate

the pace at which you convey speech

Pauses

enhance meaning by providing a type of punctuation, emphasizing a point, drawing attention to a thought, or just allowing listeners a moment to contemplate what is being said

Voice fillers

uh, hmm, I mean

Voice variety

the variation of volume, pitch, rate, and pauses to create an effective vocal delivery

Pronunciation

the correct formation of word sounds

Articulation

the clarity or forcefulness with which the sounds are made, regardless of whether they are pronounced correctly

Mumbling

slurring words together at a low level of volume and pitch so they are barely audible

Lazy speech

a poor speech habit in which the speaker fails to properly articulate words

Dialect

a distinctive way of speaking associated with a particular region or social group

Nonverbal communication

body movements, physical appearance, and qualities of voice

Body language

facial expressions, eye behavior, gestures, and general body movements during the delivery of the speech

Scanning

moving your gaze from one listener to another and from one section to another, pausing to gaze at one person long enough to complete one thought

Nonverbal immediacy

acts that create the perception of psychological closeness between the speaker and audience members

Informative speaking

an ideal vehicle for satisfying this instinct

Analogy

relating it to something they already know

Learning styles

preferred ways of processing information

Persuasive speech

meant to influence audience members’ attitudes, beliefs, values, and/or behavior by appealing to some combination of their needs, desires, interests, and even fears

Motives

predispositions to behave in certain ways

Hierarchy of needs

A classic model of human action developed by Abraham Maslow built on the principle that people are motivated to act first on the basis of their elemental needs

Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion

A model of persuasion that states people process persuasive messages by one of two routes- either central processing or peripheral processing- depending on their degree of involvement in the message

Central processing

A mode of processing a persuasive message that involves thinking critically about the contents of the message and the strength and quality of the speaker’s arguments

Peripheral processing

A mode of processing a persuasive message that does not consider the quality of the speaker’s message but is influenced by such non-content issues as the speaker's appearance or reputation, certain slogans or one liners, or obvious attempts to manipulate emotion. Occurs when people lack the motivation or the ability to pay close attention to the issues

Speaker credibility

A modern version of ethos; the quality that reveals that a speaker has a good grasp of the subject, displays sound reasoning skills, is honest and non-manipulative, and is genuinely interested in the welfare of audience members

Initial credibility

based on factors such as information provided about the speaker ahead of the event and, as the speech begins, on his or her physical appearance and nonverbal behavior

Derived credibility

A stage of speaker credibility in which audience members assign the speaker credibility based on the actual message, including the quality of evidence and the skill with which the speech is delivered

Terminal credibility

A stage of speaker’s credibility which the audience assigns the speaker credibility based in the totality of the audiences' impressions of the speaker's performance from start to finish

Argument

A stated position with support, for and against an idea or issue; contains the core elements of claim, evidence, and warrants

Claim

The declaration of a state of affairs, in which a speaker attempts to prove something by providing evidence and reason

Evidence

Supporting material that provides grounds for belief

Warrant

A line of reasoning that justifies the link between a claim and evidence in the minds of the audience

Claim of facts

an argument that focuses on whether something is or is not true or whether something will or will not happen

Claims of value

an argument that addresses issues of judgement

Claims of policy

an argument that recommends that a specific course of action be taken, or approved, by an audience

Motivational warrants

a line of reasoning that appeals to the needs, desires, emotions, and values of audience members as the basis for accepting evidence in support of the claim

Authoritative warrants

A warrant that appeals to the credibility that the audience assigns to the source of the evidence

Substantive warrants

a warrant that relies on factual evidence to link a claim to evidence

Casual reasoning

a line of reasoning offering a cause-effect relationship as proof of a claim

Warrant by cause

A means of justifying the link between claim and evidence by comparing two similar cases and implying that what is true for one case is true for the other

Reasoning by analogy

Comparing two similar cases to imply that what is true in one case is true in the other

Warrant by analogy

a means of justifying the link between claim and evidence by comparing two similar cases and implying that what is true for one case is true for the other

Call to action

a challenge to audience members to act in response to a speech- placed at the conclusion of the speech

One-sided message

In persuasive speaking, a message that does not mention opposing claims

Two-sided message

an argument in which the speaker mentions opposing points of view and sometimes refutes them

Problem-cause solution pattern

a pattern of organizing speech points so that they demonstrate (1) the nature of the problem (2) reasons for the problem, and (3) proposed solution(s)

Comparative advantage pattern

a pattern of organizing speech points so that the speaker’s points that the speaker’s viewpoint or proposal is shown to be superior to one or more alternative viewpoints or proposals

Motivated sequence pattern

an organizational pattern for a persuasive speech based on a five-step process developed by Alan Monroe that begins with arousing attention and ends with calling for action

Refutation pattern

a pattern of organizing speech points in which each main point addresses and the refutes an opposing claim to a speaker’s position

Because test

-Read the topic sentence and mentally insert the word because after it. -If you can logically join each sentence with the topic sentence, then you know each sentence is a logical outgrowth of the topic sentence