Quiz 4 Vocab study guide with definitions

Cahokia

Commercial city on the Mississippi for regional and long-distance trade of commodities such as salt, shells, and skins and of manufactured goods such as pottery, textiles, and jewelry; marked by massive artificial hills, akin to earthen pyramids, used to honor spiritual forces. During the 7th Century to 14th Century

AP Theme: ECN, ENV
Relates to: Mali Empire

Chartered companies

Private firms that were awarded monopoly trading rights over vast areas by European monarchs (for example, the Virginia Company and the Dutch East India Company).

AP Theme: GOV, ECN
Relates to: Mercantilism

Forbidden City of Beijing

Palace city of the Ming and Qing dynasties

AP Theme: GOV
Relates to: Topkapi Palace

Flying cash

Letters of exchange-early predecessors of paper money-first developed by guilds in the northern Song province of Shanxi and used as currency, later eclipsed the use of coins by the thirteenth century but led to inflation

AP Theme: ECN

Manorialism

System in which the manor(a lord's home, its associated industry, and surrounding fields) served as the basic unit of economic power; an alternative to the concept of feudalism(the hierarchical relationships of king, lords, and peasantry) for thinking about the nature of power in western Europe from 1000 to 1300 ce

AP Theme: GOV
Relates to: Monarchy

Monarchy

Political system in which one individual holds supreme power and passes that power on to his or her next of kin

AP Theme: GOV
Relates to: Absolute Monarchy

Red Turban Movement

Diverse religious movement in China during the fourteenth century that spread the belief that the world was drawing to an end as Mongol rule was collapsing.

AP Theme: GOV
Relates to: Ming Dynasty

Enclosure

A movement in which landowners took control of lands that traditionally had been common property serving local needs.

AP Theme: ECN
Relates to: Inquisitions

Seven Years' War

(1756-1763) Also known as the French and Indian War; worldwide war that ended when Prussia defeated Austria, establishing itself as a European power, and when Britain gained control of India and many of France's colonies through the Treaty of Paris

AP Theme: GOV
Relates to: Thirty Years' War

Tokugawa Shogunate

Hereditary military administration founded in 1603 that ruled Japan while keeping the emperor as a figurehead; it was toppled in 1868 by reformers who felt that Japan should adopt, not reject, Western influences.

AP Theme: GOV

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement in eighteenth-century Europe, which extended the methods of the natural sciences, especially physics, to society, stressing natural laws and reason as the basis of authority

AP Theme: CDI
Relates to: Renaissance, Humanism, Scientific Method

Chimu Empire

South America's first empire, centered at Chan Chan, was located in the Moche Valley on the Pacific coast from 1000 through 1470 ce. Its development was fueled by agriculture and commercial exchange

AP Theme: GOV
Relates to: Toltecs

Delhi Sultanate

A Turkish Muslim regime in northern India that, through its tolerance for cultural diversity, brought political integration without enforcing cultural homogeneity. 13th century - 16th century

AP Theme: GOV
Relates to: Ottoman Empire

Entrepots

Multiethnic trading stations, often supported and protected by regional leaders, where traders exchanged commodities and replenished supplies in order to facilitate long-distance trade

AP Theme: ECN
Relates to: Canton System

Jiyza

Special tax that non-Muslims were forced to pay to their Islamic rulers in return for which they were given security and property and granted cultural autonomy

AP Theme: GOV

Mali Empire

West African empire, founded by the legendary king Sundiata in the early thirteenth century. It facilitated thriving commerce along routes linking the Atlantic Ocean, the Sahara, and beyond

AP Theme: GOV
Relates to: Cahokia, Muscovy

Sufism

Emotional and mystical form of Islam that appealed to the common people

AP Theme: CDI
Relates to: Red Turban Movement

Toltecs

Mesoamerican peoples who filled the political vacuum left by Teituhuacan's decline; established a temple-filled capital and commercial hub at Tula. 11th Century.
AP Theme: GOV
Relates to: Cahokia

Black Death

Great epidemic of the bubonic plague that ravaged Europe, East Asia, and North Africa in the fourteenth century, killing large numbers of people, including perhaps as much as one-third of the European population

AP Theme: ENV
Relates to: Little Ice Age

Devshirme

The Ottoman system of taking non-Muslim children in place of taxes in order to educate them in Muslim ways and prepare them for service in the sultan's bureaucracy.

AP Theme: GOV, SIO
Relates to: Encomenderos

Humanism

The Renaissance aspiration to develop a greater understanding of the human experience than the Christian scriptures offered, by reaching back into ancient Greek and Roman texts. During the renaissance

AP Theme: SIO, CDI
Relates to: Enlightenment

Inquisition

General term for a tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church that enforced religious orthodoxy. Several inquisitions took place over centuries, seeking to punish heretics, witches, Jews, and those whose conversion to Christianity was called into doubt. 1481.

AP Theme: GOV, CDI
Relates to: Enclosure

Ming Dynasty

Successor to the Mongol Yuan dynasty that reinstituted and reinforced Han Chinese ceremonies and ideals, including rule by an ethnically Han bureaucracy. End of 14th Century.

AP Theme: GOV
Relates to: Qing Dynasty

Ottoman Empire

A Turkish warrior band that transformed itself into a vast, multicultural, bureaucratic empire that lasted from the early fourteenth century through the early twentieth century and encompassed Anatolia, the Arab world, and large swaths of southern and eastern Europe

AP Theme: GOV
Relates to: Delhi Sultanate

Renaissance

Term meaning "rebirth" used by historians to characterize the cultural flourishing of European nations between 1430 and 1550, which emphasized a break from the church-centered medieval world and a new concept of humankind as the center of the world

AP Theme: SIO, CDI
Relates to: Enlightenment

Topkapi Palace

Palace complex located in Istanbul that served as both the residence of the sultan, along with his harem and larger household, and the political headquarters of the Ottoman Empire.

AP Theme: GOV, TEC
Relates to: Forbidden City of Beijing, Palace of Versailles

Zheng He

Ming naval who, from 1405 to 1433, led seven massive naval expeditions to impress other peoples with Ming might and to establish tributary relations with Southeast Asia, Indian Ocean ports, the Persian Gulf, and the east coast of Africa

AP Theme: GOV
Relates to: Jesuits

Atlantic System

New system of trade and expansion that linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas. It emerged in the wake of European voyages across the Atlantic Ocean.

AP Theme: SIO, ECN
Relates to: Colombian Exchange

Aztec Empire

Mesoamerican empire that originated with a league of three Mexica cities in 1430 and gradually expanded through the Central Valley of Mexico, uniting numerous small, independent states under a single monarch who ruled with the help of counselors, military leaders, and priests. By the late fifteenth century, the Aztec realm may have embraced 25 million people. In 1521, they were defeated by the conquistador Hernán Cortés.

AP Theme: GOV
Relates to: Incan Empire

Jean Calvin

(1509-1564) A French theologian during the Protestant Reformation. Calvin developed a Christianity that emphasized moral regeneration through church teachings and laid out a doctrine of predestination.

AP Theme: SIO
Relates to: Martin Luther

Columbian Exchange

Movements between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas of previously unknown plants, animals, people, diseases, and products that followed in the wake of Colombus's voyages. 15th Century, Colombus' arrival

AP Theme: ENV, ECN
Relates to: Atlantic System

Conquistadors

Spanish military leaders who led the conquest of the New World in the sixteenth century.

Ap Theme: GOV

Counter-Reformation

Movement to counter the spread of the Reformation; initiated by the Catholic Chruch at the Council of Trent in 1545. The Catholic Church enacted reforms to attack clerical corruption and placed a greater emphasis on individual spirituality, During this time, the Jesuits were founded to help revive the Catholic Church

AP Theme: SIO
Relates to: Protestant Reformation

Encomenderos

Commanders of the labor services of the colonized people in Spanish America. 1494.

AP Theme: ECN
Relates to: Devshirme

Holy Roman Empire

Enormous realm that encompassed much of Europe and aspired to be the Christian successor state to the Roman Empire. In the time of the Habsburg dynasts, the empire was a loose confederation of principalities that obeyed an emperor elected by elite lower-level sovereigns. Despite its size, the empire never effectively centralized power; it was split into Austrian and Spanish factions when Charles V abdicated to his sons in 1556.

AP Theme: GOV

Inca Empire

Empire of Quecha-speaking rulers in the Andean valley of Cuzco that encompassed a population of 4 to 6 million. The Incas lacked a clear inheritance system, causing an internal split that Pizarro's forces exploited in 1533

AP Theme: GOV
Relates to: Aztec Empire

Jesuits

Religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola to counter the inroads of the Protestant Reformation; the Jesuits, or the Society of Jesus, were active in politics, education, and missionary work. Around 16th Century

AP Theme: SIO, CDI
Relates to: Zheng He

Martin Luther

(1483-1546) A German monk and theologian who sought to reform the Catholic Church; he believed in salvation through faith alone, the importance of reading scripture, and the priesthood of all believers, His Ninety-Five Theses, which enumerated the abuses by the Catholic Church as well as his reforms, started the Protestant Reformation

AP Theme: SIO
Relates to: Jean Calvin

Mughal Empire

One of Islam's greatest regimes. Established in 1526, it was a vigorous, centralized state whose political authority encompassed most of modern-day India. During the sixteenth century, it had a population of between 100 and 150 million.

AP Theme: GOV
Relates to: Qing Dynasty

Protestant Reformation

Religious movement initiated by sixteenth-centruy monk Martin Luther, who openly criticized the corruption in the Catholic Church and voiced his belief that Christians could speak directly to God. His doctrines gained wide support, and those who followed this new view of Christianity rejected the authority of the papacy and the Catholic clergy, broke away from the Catholic Church, and called themselves "Protestants"

AP Theme: SIO
Relates to: Counter-Reformation

Absolute Monarchy

Form of government in which one body, usually the monarch, controls the right to tac, judge, make war, and coin money. The term enlightened absolutist was often used to refer to state monarchies in seventeenth - and eighteenth - century Europe

AP Theme: GOV
Relates to: Monarchy

Canton system

System officially established by imperial decree in 1759 that required European traders to have Chinese guild merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees.

AP Theme: ECN, GOV
Relates to: Mercantilism

Little Ice Age

A period of global cooling—not a true ice age—that extended roughly from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. The dates, especially for the start of the period, remain the subject of scientific controversy.

AP Theme: ENV
Relates to: Black Death

Malmuks

(Arabic for "owned" or "possessed") Military men who ruled Egypt as an independent regime from 1250 until the Ottoman conquest in 1517

AP Theme: GOV
Relates to: Ottoman Empire

Manchus

Descendants of the Jurchens who helped the Ming army recapture Beijing in 1644 after its seizure by the outlaw Li Zicheng. The Manchus numbered around 1 million but controlled a domain that included perhaps 250 million people. Their rule lasted more than 250 years and became known as the Qing dynasty.

AP Theme: SIO
Relates to: Qing Dynasty

Mercantilism

Economic theory that drove European empire builders. In this economic system, the world had a fixed amount of wealth, which meant one country's wealth came at the expense of another's. Mercantilism assumed that colonies existed for the sole purpose of enriching the country that controlled the colony

AP Theme: ECN
Relates to: Canton System, Chartered Companies

Muscovy

The principality of Moscow. Originally a mixture of Slavs, Finnish tribes, Turkic speakers, and many others, Muscovy used territorial expansion and commercial networks to consolidate a powerful state and expanded to become the Russian Empire, a huge realm that spanned parts of Europe, much of northern Asia, numerous North Pacific islands, and even—for a time—a corner of North America (Alaska). 1590's

AP Theme: GOV, SIO
Relates to: Mali Empire

Qing Dynasty

(1644-1911) Minority Manchu rule over China that incorporated new territories, experienced substantial population growth, and sustained significant economic growth.

AP Theme: GOV
Relates to: Ming Dynasty, Manchus

Thirty Years' War

(1618-1648) Conflict begun between Protestants and Catholics in Germany that escalated into a general European war fought against the unity and power of the Holy Roman Empire.

AP Theme: GOV, SIO
Relates to: Seven Years' War

Creoles

Persons of mixed European and African (or other) descent who were born in the Americas

AP Theme: SIO
Relates to: Peninsulares

Great Plaza at Isfahan

The center of Safavid power in the seventeenth century created by Shah Abbas (r. 1587-1629) to represent the unification of trade, government, and religion under one supreme political authority.

AP Theme: TEC, GOV
Relates to: Taj Mahal

Oceania

Collective name for the lands of Australia and New Zealand and the islands of the southwest Pacific Ocean.

AP Theme: ENV

Palace of Versailles

The palace complex, 11 miles away from the French capital of Paris, built by Louis XIV in the 1670s and 1680s to house and entertain his leading clergymen and nobles, with the hopes of diverting them from plotting against him.

AP Theme: GOV
Relates to: Topkapi Palace, Forbidden City of Beijing

Peninsulares

Spainards who, although born in Spain, resided in the Spanish colonial territories. They regarded themselves as superior to Spaniards born in the colonies (Creoles).

AP Theme: SIO

Philosophes

Enlightenment thinkers who applied scientific reasoning to human interaction and society as opposed to nature

AP Theme: SIO
Relates: Jean Calvin, Martin Luther

Scientific Method

Method of inquiry based on experimentation in nature. Many of its principles were first laid out by the philosopher Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626), who claimed that real science entailed the formulation of hypothesis that could be tested in carefully controlled experiments

AP Themes: TEC
Relates to: Enlightenment

Taj Mahal

Royal palace of the Mughal Empire, built by Shah Jahan in the seventeenth century in homage to his favorite wife, Mumtaz.

AP Themes: TEC
Relates to: Great Plaza at Isfahan