Forensics- Bacteria and Virus Review

The 3 ways bacteria can achieve geentic variation

1. Conjugation

2. Transformation

3. Transduction

Operon

a gene or DNA that turns on and off other genes

Virulence

How contagious a bacteria/virus is and how well it survives outside the body

Retrovirus

Creates DNA from RNA

They have a high mutation rate; making it hard to vaccinate against

Sterile Inoculating loop

Prevents cross contamination

Color Stain

Gram Positive- Purple/Blue

Gram Negative- Pink/Red

Differences

Gram Positive- Thick outer kayer, stains purple

Gram Negative- Thin layer, stains red

Body Temperature (37 C, 98.6 F)

The temperature infectious bacteria grows best at

One

The amount of chromosones a bacteria cell contains

Vaccine

A dead or weakended bacteria that builds antibodies and memory cells to help fight off viruses

Small Pox

First Vaccine

Discovered by Edward Jenner

Why antibodies become less effective over time

Viruses develop an immunity/become immune to it

Penecillin

First Antibiotic

Discovered by Alexander Flemming

No cures

Cures for viruses

All viruses cant be vaccinated against

Some viruses mutate often

Ebola vs HIV

Ebola can be more dnagerous because it can be spread through casual contact while HIV isnt

Envelope for a virus

It allows the virus to hide from the immune system

Surface Marker Proteins

Serves as identification for the immune system to identify you as you

Weaponizing of Transformation

It can become more resistant and gain traits that make them more dangerous

Plasmid

Small, Single Circular Gene, outside the bacterias chromosone

Herpes Simplex that affects humans

Cold Sores, Chicken Pox, Shingles, Bells Palsy

Herpes virus cant be elimanted

Due to its ability to hide/remain dormamt

The 4 plates created in the lab

2 bacteria w/ plasmid- one plate with ampicillin and arabonose( grew and glowed); one grew bacteraia (didnt glow)

2 Negative Plates- One Control (Lawn); other grew nothing

Temperature Stress

What caused the bacteria to transform and take up the plasmid in the lab