ISCI Test 3

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Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Plantae

1. Multicellular, eukaryotes (nucleus, membrane bound organelles)

2. Perform photosynthesis = converts water and CO2 into sugars using energy from the sun

3. Embryo (sperm+egg) develops within protected environment of the female parent (plants make it)

4. Occur almost exclusively on land *280,000 (underestimate) species of plants today

What do plants need to live?

Sugar, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Salts Energy production (sugar) Builds protein (nitrogen) ATP and membranes (phosphorus) Creates concentration Gradients (salts)

Except for _______, plants get material from soil

Sugar

Gametophyte

Haploid part of life cycle

Gametangia

Structure on gametophyte of seedless plants

Gametes produced by ______

Mitosis

Sporophyte

Diploid part of life cycle

Sporangia

Reproductive sac containing spores

Xylem

Dead tube-like cells conduct water and minerals taken from the soil up the shoot (dead cells)

Phloem

Living cells transports food derived from photosynthesis throughout the entire plant (living cells)

Apical Meristem

Cap of cells at the shoot tip or root tip made cells that continue to proliferate throughout the life of the plant

Adaptation for vascular plants

Lateral Meristem

Produces cells that increase the diameter of stems and tree trunks

Non-Vascular

first plants on earth, did not produce seeds (no tubes to extract and transport water/nutrients throughout plant)

Vascular Seedless Plants

Still did not produce seeds

Gymnosperms (full-on vascular)

Cone bearing plants

Angiosperms

Last plants to evolve, flowers

Ferns

most familiar example of primitive vascular plants (dinosaur times)

Vascular Tissue

infrastructure of tubes that begins in plant roots and extends to the tips of leaves

What is a seed?

Plant embryo (multicellular) with its own supply of water and nutrients (mostly starch) encased within a protective coating

Gymnosperms

seed-producing plants (pines, furs, redwoods, non-flowering seed plants)

Angiosperms

seed-producing plants (all flowering plants and trees)

Male part of a flower

Contains the Anther, stigma, stamen, carpel, and ovary

Female parts of a flower

Containing the egg and sperm

Cohesion

Attachment of water molecules to other water molecules

Adhesion

Attachment of water to other molecules

Fungi Classification and Characteristics

Domain Ekarya • Multicellular, sessile decomposers • Once thought to be plants lacking chlorophyll • More closely related to animals • Cell wall made of chitin

Fungi Characteristics

Releases exoenzymes Heterotrophs

Characteristics of an animal

1. Heterotrophic

• Eats other organisms

• Feeds by ingestion

2. All animals move – some part of their of life cycle • Some move only during larval stage • Maybe sessile as adult

3. Multicellular

• has body parts specialized for different activities Example: sensory organs, stomach, arms

• Most reproduce sexually

Phylum Porifera

• Free swimming larva • Sessile adults • Lack true tissue • Protein fibers called spicules – Structural strength • Filter feeders • Hermaphrodites • Can reproduce asexually https://youtu.be/m8a0oNsDEx8 -A sponge that lacks tissue and organs

Animals with 2 layers of tissue and radical symmetry

Phylum Cnidaria (Corals, Sea Anemones, Flatworms, Roundworms, Segmented worms)

Phylum Cnidaria

• Corals, jellies, anemones, and hydras – radial symmetry • Gastrovascular cavity with single opening • Sessile polyps – Hydras and sea anemones • Motile medusa – Free swimming jellies • Predators that use tentacles – cnidocytes-stinging cells

Corals

• Small polyp living in colonial group • Sting prey and tentacles catch plankton • Internal and external fertilization • Asexual reproduction • Secrete calcium carbonate forming a hard shell – Individual coral polyps live on shell • CORAL REEF • Algae live symbiotically live with coral (zooxanthellae) – Provide oxygen and nutrients

Sea Anemones

• Polyp looks like an upside-down medusa of a jellyfish • Larval stage that swims freely • Sessile adults can crawl a couple inches a day www.youtube.com/watch?v=IiEP5VJrbsU

Triploblastic animals with bilateral symmetry

Flatworms

Phylum Platyhelminthes – Marine, freshwater, damp terrestrial habitats – Dorsoventrally flattened – Parasitic flukes & tapeworms • Ventral and oral suckers • Absorb food through cuticle (outer covering)

Roundworms

• Phylum Nematoda • Numerically, most abundant animals on earth • Strong flexible cuticle • Complete digestive tract • A lot of species live in the soil – Live in roots of plants (can be parasitic) – parasitic to humans and animals

Roundworm Examples

Filariae, Pinworms, and Hookworms

Segmented Worms

Annelids • Grooves running around the body marking divisions between segments • Defined tissues • Leeches – Most inhabit freshwater, some terrestrial – Many are predators, some are parasites – Leach secrete anesthetic & hirudin • Earthworm – Extract nutrients as soil passes through alimentary canal – Eliminates waste as fecal castings – Hermaphrodites that cross-fertilize

Phylum Mollusca

• Phylum Mollusca • Ocean, freshwater, and land • Clams -- scallops – mussels – octopuses • Defined tissues – bilateral symmetry – grow by adding tissue • Additional features: • Shell that protects soft body

Mantle

Tissue that secretes calcium carbonate to form shell

Radula

Sandpaper like tongue structure

Gastropods

snails and slugs

Bivalve mollusks

Clams, scallops, oysters, and mussels (hinged shells)

Cephalopods

Nautilus (external chambered shell), squids, and octopi

Arthropods

• Segmented body • Head • Thorax- where wing attachment occurs • Abdomen • Exoskeleton made of chitin • Jointed appendages • Insects use a series of tubes (tracheae) that branch throughout the body, open to the outside through openings called spiracles

Insects

3 pairs of walking legs, life cycle

Millipedes/centipedes

many legs, long body

Arachnids

4 pairs of walking legs, predators

Crustaceans

many pairs of legs, aquatic

Phylum Arthropoda

• Centipedes and millipedes • Live among fallen leaves (cool and moist) • Millipedes eat decaying plant material • Centipedes are predators • Have fangs with venom • Use jaws to tear prey • Chelicerates • Horseshoe crab species and arachnids • Spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks (all are arachnids) • 4 pair of walking legs • Only two body regions • Arachnids are predators • Uses fangs and releases to enzymes (paralysis and liquified)

Phylum Echinodermata

• Marine animals • Sea star (starfishes and brittle stars) is most recognizable example • Also sea urchins and sand dollars • Endoskeleton of interlocking plates • Water vascular system • Radula-same with mollusk (also have a mantle) • 5 or more appendages evenly distributed • Do Not have a brain, but DO have a nervous system • Use tube feet to open clam or mussel shells • Pushes stomach outside of mouth to eat

Lancelets

• Most basal group of living chordates • bladelike shape • Marine suspension feeders – retain characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults

Tunicates

• Tunicates are more closely related to other chordates than are lancelets • When attacked, tunicates, or “sea squirts,” shoot water through their excurrent siphon

Vertebrates

• Most diverse group of chordates • Differ from other chordates:

1. Backbone made of vertebrae that forms around the notochord

2. Have a head at the front (anterior), containing a skull, a brain, and sensory organs

Terrestrial Vertebrates

• Two main groups: – Animals that reproduce in water & do NOT have desiccation-proof amniotic eggs (non-amniotes) • Amphibians – Animals that have amniotic egg (amniotes) • Reptiles • Birds • Mammals

Amphibians

-First terrestrial vertebrates -Frogs, toads, salamanders, and caecilians

Mammals (in detail)

• Small, nocturnal insect-eaters – Not abundant • Hair: dead cells filled with the protein keratin – Insulator • Mammary glands: produce calorie- rich milk to nurse young • Endothermic

Viviparity

Giving birth to babies rather than laying eggs

Primates originated _______ years ago

55 million (similar to arboreal prosimians)

Chimpanzee and Modern Human Lineages

Separated only 5 or 6 million years ago DNA is 99% similar to humans 1/3 of genes are similar

Ecology

Study of how living organisms interact with their environments

population

group of individuals of a single species that lives in a specific area

Commnity

All the organisms that live in an specific area

Ecosystem

All the organisms that live in a specific area and all the abiotic (non living) features of their environment

Clumped Population

Organisms are clustered together in groups. this may reflect a patchy distribution of resources in the environment. this is the most common pattern of population dispersion

Random Population

Organisms have an unpredictable distribution. this is typical of species in which individuals do not interact strongly

Uniform Population

Organisms are evenly spaced over the area they occupy. this is typical of species in which individuals compete for a scarce environmental resource, such as water in a desert

population growth

Four factors determine population size: – Birth rate-adding in an area – Death rate-removing from an area – Immigration- people coming into the country – Emigration- people leaving the country Exponential growth vs Logistic growth

Exponential Growth

• Population grows at a fixed rate per amount of time (“J” shaped curve) – Increases at a greater rate as time goes on – Unlimited resources – cannot continue forever. – Unstable environments

Logistic Growth

• population growth slows as the population approaches the habitat’s carrying capacity (how many organisms can this population carry?) – more competition for resources such as food and space – Disease

Type I Survivorship Curve

Low death rates early in life (logistic growth) – large bodies – reach sexual maturity late – produce a small number of offspring• Parental care

Type II Survivorship curve

Steady death rate throughout life – Birds (totally random, can hit a bird any given time)

Type III Survivorship Curve

High death rates early in life – Few survive later in life – Reach sexual maturity early – Large # of offspring, little care • Fish and insects, amphibians • Exponential growth

Pyramid Shape

rapid growth

Uniform shape

slow growth

Demographic Transition

• Shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates – Death rate typically decreases first • Rapid population growth initially

Ecological Footprint

• Measure of how much land and water area a human population needs in order to produce the resources it consumes – water, soil, energy, food, and other resources. – > 30 years human population in ecological overshoot (China and the U.S.) • Consumes more than earth can provide • Higher food prices • High oil prices • Depleted soils • Water shortages • Fisheries • N. America has largest footprint

Competition

• between organisms of different species is called interspecific competition – Not necessary combat – Use of same limited resource • species’ niche within a community is the total set of biotic and abiotic resources it uses.

-intraspecific competition-• No two species share the exact same niche (if they did, one would go into extinction)

Symbyosis

• individuals of two species live in close association with one another. (DO NOT SHARE THE SAME NICHE) – Parasitism- one species benefits, the other one harms – Commensalism- one species benefits, the other is unaffected – Mutualism- both species benefit

Invasive Species

• species that has moved from its native habitat to a new area, where it proceeds to do a lot of ecological damage. – population explodes, the introduced species harms native species: preying on them or competing for food • Brown tree snake in Guam – Devastated bird populations • Dozen species now extinct • U.S. 1988: Zebra mussels clog water pipes at power plants and water treatment facilities (can be dangerous)

Earth's Ecosystems (2)

Terrestrial and aquatic Biomes

Terrestrial Biomes

-can be found in a certain habitat depending mainly on climate -temperature -precipitation -seasonal variation -latitude and altitude major influences -direct sunlight at the equator -30 degrees N and S dry air descends

Tropical Forest

-Found close to the equator -Temps. are warm and fairly constant (year round) -200-400cm rain -lots of biodiversity -more than all of the biomes combined -tallest trees form dense canopy (competing for sunlight) -shades ground -little leaf litter -poor soil

Temperate Forest (We Live Here!)

-areas that have four "distinct' seasons -warm growing seasons -cold winter -75 to 150 cm rain annually -elm, oak, beech, maple (hardwood trees) -leaves do not survive freezing temperatures -deciduous-changing the leaves -fertile soils

Coniferous Forests

-evergreen forests are found in areas that have long cold winters and short summers -annual rain (mainly slow) 40-100cm -pines, spruces, and firs -need-like leaves covered with wax and contain anti-freeze chemical -ground usually covered by needles -poor soil