infammatory response
bodies reaction to injury
injury types
trauma irritant bacteria lack of oxygen lack of glucose necrosis toxins surgery cancer
labs for inflammation
CRD ESR WBC count
neutrophils
first responders
eosinophils
allergy/parasite
monocytes
phagocytes
lymphocytes
increased if viral infection present (t and b cells)
basophils
release histamine (inflammation)
chronic inflammation
persistent inflammation/inhibits healing
acute inflammation
rapid response/last hours to days
3 outcomes of acute inflammation
complete resolution scarring becomes chronic
bands
immature neutrophils
if bands are present, what is happening?
overabundance need for neutrophils so body pushes them out before they are ready (war draft example)
shift to the left
immature cell release
why do lymph nodes become enlarged with inflammation
lymph nodes remove excess fluid that veins dont pick up
colonization
no disease symptoms
infection
disease symptoms - growth of pathogens
virulence
agression level
immunocompetence
immune system good against pathogens
immunosuppression
immune system not good against pathogens
opportunistic infection
infection seizes opportunity to take over once immune system is down
nosocomial infection (HAI)
hospital acquired infections
staphylococcal
s. aurus - leading cause of HAI's
streptococcal
GABHS (group A beta hemolytic streptococcus)
e.coli
found usually in colon / some strains more virulent
c.diff
forms spores / ingested spores germinate in small/large intestine
local signs of inflammation
redness/heat/swelling
systemic signs of inflammation
lymphadenopathy/fever/lymphadenitis
T cells types
killer (CD8) helper (CD4) suppressor
T cells role
CD8- attack antigen CD4- activate other parts of of immune system
B cells role
produce antibodies (immunoglobin)
types of immunity
natural active artificial active natural passive artificial passive
natural active immunity
history of disease
artificial active immunity
vaccinations
natural passive immunity
antibodies passed from mom to baby
artificial passive immunity
antibodies rejected (sick person gets antibodies from healthy person)
ways to boost immune system
eat healthy sleep 8-9 hours a night increased fluid reduce stress time outside
main components of hypersensitivity
over response to antigen inflammation damages healthy tissue
anaphylaxis causes
serums latex nuts, milk, eggs penicillin (most important)
anaphylaxis symptoms
impending doom lump in throat stomach cramps swelling of tongue
what is happening with autoimmune diseases?
body/immune system attack self
remissions and exacerbations
periods of time where disease is less or more present in body (affecting signs and symptoms)
causes of immunodeficiency
usually from single gene defect present at birth defective thymus development more than 70 types ID'd
primary immunodeficiency groups
b-lymphocyte t-lymphocyte combined b&t complement phagocytic
b-lymphocyte deficiencies
t-cells have to work overtime lower circulating immunoglobins
t-lymphocyte deficiencies
yeast infections in mouth/genitals
combined b&t deficiencies
SCID - sever combined immunodeficiency disease varying ranges
complement deficiency
recurrent infections - w/ encapsulated bacteria
phagocytic deficiency
unable to kill/remove bacteria effectively
secondary immunodeficiency causes
pregnancy emotional trauma malnutrition burns malignancies
HIV - what is happening
RNA converts DNA and replicates w/ CD4 DNA to spread virus
HIV vs AIDS
HIV is a virus while AIDS is a condition (acute vs chronic)
active AIDS symptoms
severe weight loss perineal lesions
how is AIDS transmitted
blood/blood products intravenous drug abuse hetero and homosexual activity (most common) mom to baby during birth
iron deficiency anemia
small RBC's with reduced hemoglobin
iron deficiency anemia causes
blood loss of 2-4 mL/day most common anemia kids <2 (d/t iron needs with growth)
pathological development of ID anemia
stage 1: body stores of iron are depleted stage 2: not enough iron transported to marrow stage 3: begins w/ small HGB deficient cells enter circulation in sufficient #'s and replace normal cells as they age and are removed from circulation
ID anemia symptoms
HGB drops below 7-8 (normal 12-18) fatigue shortness of breath pale earlobes
pernicious anemia
anemia related to B12 malabsorption and large RBC's
pernicious anemia causes
congenital partial/complete removal of stomach chronic atrophic gastritis
pernicious anemia symptoms
infections mood swings GI, cardiac, kidney ailments
how are B12 and intrinsic factor associated with pernicious anemia
intrinsic factor is required for the absorption of B12 if intrinsic factor is absent or non functioning (as in pernicious anemia) absorption of B12 cannot occur
sickle cell anemia
presence of abnormal HGB within RBC's
sickle cell anemia causes
genetic mutation autosomal recessive disorder inherited
sickle cell anemia symptoms
pallor fatigue jaundice irritability
hemolytic anemia
premature, accelerated destruction of erythrocytes
hemolytic anemia causes
acquired: caused by infection/drugs or toxins/liver disease hereditary: abnormalities of RBC membrane/present at birth
hemolytic anemia symptoms
more hemolysis = more symptoms jaundice bone deformities from expansion of hematopoietic bone marrow
aplastic anemia
normal sized RBC and HGB - just insufficient
aplastic anemia causes
bone marrow hypoplasia pancytopenia 50% of cases - idiopathic
aplastic anemia symptoms
pallor frequent mild infections petechiae nose bleeds excessive menstruation bleeding
who is at risk for the various anemias?
sickle cell: African American's pernicious: English, Scandinavian, and Irish
polycythemia vera
over production of RBC's
what is happening with polycythemia vera?
increase in blood volume, viscosity, and hyper-coagulation
polycythemia vera signs and symptoms
cyanotic or plethoric skin increased blood pressure tachycardia dyspnea headache unique: intense painful itching that appears to intensify with heat
infectious mononucleosis
acute infection of B-cells has an incubation period of 30-50 days so it can be spread without knowing it
infectious mononucleosis causes
spread through saliva (kissing disease) mostly caused by Epstein-Barr virus
infectious mononucleosis symptoms
pharyngitis lymphadenopathy enlarged spleen dysphagia malaise
leukemia
uncontrolled proliferation of leukocytes
risk factors for leukemia
exposure to chemicals viral mutations ionizing radiation immunodeficiency disorders
leukemia types
ALL AML CLL CML
ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia
affects primarily children responds to therapy good prognosis
AML acute myelogenous leukemia
affects primarily adults responds okay to treatment prognosis somewhat worse than ALL most common adult leukemia
CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia
responds poorly to treatment slow progression 2:1 males affects 70+
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