Key Concepts in Computer Science and Data Management

byte

8 bits

lossy compression

Compression that loses data, reducing file size (e.g., JPG, MP3)

lossless compression

Compression that keeps all data (e.g., ZIP)

DNS

Domain Name System

function of DNS

It converts website names (like google.com) into IP addresses

TCP

Transmission Control Protocol

function of TCP

Ensures complete and accurate delivery of data packets

DDoS attack

An overload of a server with requests to crash it

phishing

A scam to steal personal info using fake messages or websites

packet

A small piece of data sent over the internet

IP address

A unique identifier for a device on a network

HTTP

HyperText Transfer Protocol - sends and receives webpage data

abstraction in programming

Simplifying code by hiding details using functions/procedures

procedure

A reusable block of code with a specific task

event-driven programming

A program that responds to user actions like clicks or keypresses

loop

Repeats code a set number of times or until a condition is met

IF statement

Executes code only if a certain condition is true

difference between WHILE and REPEAT loops

WHILE checks condition first, REPEAT runs a set number of times

linear search

Checks each item in a list one by one

binary search

Searches a sorted list by repeatedly dividing it in half

heuristic

A "good enough" solution for complex problems

digital divide

The gap between those with and without access to technology

citizen science

Public participation in scientific data collection or analysis

crowdsourcing

Using a large group of people online to gather or process data

bias in computing

Unfair outcomes caused by biased data or algorithms

variable

A named value that can change in a program

list

A collection of items in a specific order

LENGTH(list)

Returns the number of elements in the list

procedural abstraction

Using named functions to simplify and organize code

big data

Extremely large data sets analyzed for patterns and trends

cleaning data

It ensures accuracy by removing errors, duplicates, and inconsistencies

main purpose of compression

To reduce the size of data for faster transmission

public key encryption

Secure communication over the internet using two keys (public/private)

Internet reliance

Multiple layers of protocols like IP, TCP, and HTTP

computing innovation

An invention using a computer or program that has social impact

AP pseudocode index lists

Starts at 1 (not 0)