Nursing 2: Exam 4

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Etiology

study of the cause of disease

Systemic hypertension is classified by a inherent risk to cause organ damage with a repeatable measurement (in a calm patient) of _______ mm Hg or greater

150 mm Hg

Patients being treated for heartworm disease should restrict exercise for _____ to _____ weeks after administering adulticide therapy

3-4 weeks

What are the signs of fluid overload?

lung crackles, heart murmurs, edema, increasing serous nasal discharge, & a increased central venous pressure (CVP)

Mucopurulent discharge is __________-__________ in color and mucoid

green-yellow in color

hemoptysis

coughing up blood

What is the difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia?

hypoxia occurs when oxygen levels are below acceptable in tissues & hypoxemia is a decrease in the PaO2 as measured by arterial gas analysis

Clinical signs of pulmonary thromboembolism are:

dyspnea, tachypnea, coughing, hemoptysis, and possibly fever

What type of cardiomyopathy is the most common form found in cats?

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

Clinical signs of arterial thromboembolism

hindlimb paresis or paralysis and severe pain, absent or poor femoral pulses, cyanotic toe pads, and coolness of the affected limb

Paresis

partial paralysis, weakness

What is the most common form of cardiomyopathy found in dogs?

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)

Tenesmus

painful, ineffective defecation. characterized by straining

Chronic pancreatitis can lead to:

exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and diabetes mellitus

EPI leads to a ______________ (Vitamin B12) deficiency, especially in cats

Cobalamin

Hepatic encephalopathy

Caused by GI toxins (ex: ammonia) interacting with the brain. Often because of liver damage or portosystemic shunts. Clinical: ataxia, altered mentation, head pressing, circling, coma, etc. Treatment involves oral lactulose to decrease absorption of ammonia, adding antibiotics into diet, and addressing any seizures or increased intracranial pressure.

________________ cats are predisposed to feline hepatic lipidosis (FHL); however any cat experiencing prolonged ________________ is at risk for developing FHL.

Obese, anorexia/starvation

What is the prognosis for a cat with FHL (feline hepatic lipidosis)?

Guarded- this disease can be fatal and requires early and aggressive treatment

Clinical signs of chronic hepatitis are usually not apparent until ________% of the liver mass is lost.

75%

portosystemic shunt

abnormalities that connect portal and systemic circulation. shunts can be extrahepatic or intrahepatic. Patients present with hepatic encephalopathy, PU/PD, and blader irritation. Diagnosis is based on elevated serum bile acid levels, hyperammonemia, and seeing vessels during surgery or thru imaging. Intrahepatic shunts cannot be ligated surgically

Clinical signs of feline hepatic lipidosis

vomiting, dramatic weight loss, anorexia, dehydration, and palpable hepatomegaly

What kind of urine sample is indicative of CKD?

Dilute urine with trace amounts of protein

Bladder stones are also called:

cystic calculi

The most common cause of bladder infections in small animals is:

E. coli

Bacterial cystitis is more common in ___________ dogs.

Female

Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD)

Clinical term used to describe clinicals signs- bladder irritation and urethra, stranguria, dysuria, pollakuria, and inappropriate urination. This condition is most common in adult cats 2-6 yrs old and can be classified as obstructive or non-obstructive. Dx requires a thorough course of diagnostics. This is a self-limiting dz that tends to last for 3-5 days- half of the cases are recurrent

Dogs tend to develop type ___ diabetes mellitus and cats are more prone to type _____ diabetes mellitus

1, 2

Acquired Myasthenia gravis is a disorder of the neuromuscular system that produces autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors in the _____synaptic membrane

postsynaptic membrane

What are the clinical signs of Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA)?

Lethargy, exercise intolerance, pale or yellow MM, tachycardia, heart murmur, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, fever, and abdominal pain

Cat scratch fever

Bartonella henselae (bacteria)is spread through flea feces or through a shared vector (cat fleas). This condition can be asymptomatic but is also associated with gingivitis, uveitis, fever, and lymphadenopathy

Leptosporosis

Leptospira (spirochete bacteria) are excreted in urine and enter a hot through skin wounds and MM. Clinical: fever, rash, meningitis, hemorrhage, liver dz, and kidney dz.

What kind of tick transmits canine ehrlichiosis?

Rhipicephalus spp

Rocky Mountain spotted fever is spread by __________________ spp. ticks

Dermacentor spp.

Is there a antiviral treatment for canine distemper?

No

Clinical signs of canine distemper

Running eyes/nose, fever, cough, lethargy, inappetence, V/D, walking in circles, head tilt, muscle twitching, and paralysis

______________ supplementation interferes with hepatic viral replication and may reduce the severity of a feline herpes virus infection.

Lysine

Feline Herpes Virus causes lifelong infection in up to ____% of exposed cats

80%

Vitiligo is more common in _______

dogs

________________ is the ideal treatment for benign prostatic hypoplasia

castration

Left sided heart failure is associated with fluid buildup in the _______________ ________________

pulmonary vasculature

Coughing is a common sign of CHF in ________ but not in cats

dogs

Why is the diagnosis of feline heartworm disease via antigen testing alone considered unreliable?

unisex infection is common in cats

60% of degenerative valve disease cases only involve the __________ valve

mitral

Diagnosis of degenerative valve disease is made on the basis of valvular changes shown by:

echocardiography

What diagnostic tools are used to support a positive heartworm diagnosis in cats?

a positive titer test, basophilia and eosinophilia on a CBC, and enlarged pulmonary vessels on radiographs

Adult heartworm infections being treated with adulticide therapy die slowly over a period of 2-30 days. During this time pts are at risk for:

pulmonary embolism. clinical signs include dyspnea, tachypnea, coughing, hemoptysis, and possibly fever

What antihypertensive medications can be used to treat systemic hypertension?

calcium channel blockers (diltiazam) and ace inhibitors

Hyperadrenocorticism and hypoadrenocorticism primarily affect:

dogs

Addison's disease is associated with elevated serum _____________ levels with a concurrent decrease in ____________

elevated serum potassium, decrease in sodium

IMHA secondary to blood parasite infections are more common in ______

cats

Dogs tend to develop type ____ diabetes mellitus and cats tend to develop type _____.

type 1, type 2

What specialized tests assess adrenal function?

the ACTH stimulation test, the low dose- dexmethasone supression test, the high-dose dexmethasone supression test, and endogenous ACTH levels

What clinical abnormalities are commonly seen in patients with Addison's disease?

anemia, azotemia, hypoglycemia, & elevated serum potassium w/ a decrease in sodium levels.

A increase in cortisol levels after performing the ACTH stimulation test is ____________

normal. pts with addisons can exhibit no response which indicates the adrenal gland cant respond

Infectious diseases that can infect humans or animals through a common vector (ex: fleas or ticks) are called:

shared-vector zoonoses

Does primary IMHA have a specific cause?

No. Primary IMHA is idiopathic

What clinical signs are associated with right sided CHF?

edema, jugular distension, abdominal distention from ascites, hepatomegaly, & pleural and pericardial effusion

What term describes a accumulation of fluid in the thoracic cavity?

pleural effusion

Treatment of feline heartworm disease is unrewarding because:

the death of just one heartworm can trigger anaphylactic shock or cause pulmonary thromboembolism, both of which can result in sudden death

In dogs, _____________ disease accounts for most heart disease cases

valvular

In cats, ________________ disease accounts for most heart disease cases

myocardial

How do you collect objective data?

Usually through the application of a clinical skill (body temp, blood pressure reading, etc)

What is subjective data?

Any data based on opinion, emotion, or interpretation (patient history, level of consciousness, demeanor, or pain)

Dehydration is characterized by _________albuminemia

hyperalbuminemia

Hyperthermia is defined as a temperature of __________ degrees F

103 degrees F

If the patient is vomiting fresh or digested blood this is termed:

hematemesis

What clinical signs are associated with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?

polyphagia, weight loss, and chronic diarrhea with a pale, fatty and voluminous feces (steatorrhea)

Feline Hepatic Lipidosis (FHL) is characterized by accumulation of fats in greater than ______% of hepatocytes

80%

__________________ infections cause secondary immune mediated hemolytic anemia

Mycoplasma

What common feline viruses can cause rhinitis and conjunctivitis?

Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) & feline calcivirus (FCV)