OAE Foundations of Reading

Concepts About Print (CAP)

Assesses the literacy knowledge of kindergarten children and early first graders

Skills Assessed: Book handling, directionality, word-by-word matching, and locating words in print

Diagnostic Assessment

Assessment designed to determine and diagnose a student's strengths, weaknesses, knowledge and skills

Formative Assessment

Assessment that provides teachers information about students thinking

Informal Reading Inventory (IRI)

Survey designed to help a teacher determine a student's reading instructional needs

Leveled Text

Levels of difficulty from the easy books that an emergent reader might begin with to the longer, complex books that advanced readers would need

Miscue Analysis

A way of closely observing recording and analyzing oral reading behaviors to assess how the student is using specific reading strategies

Portfolio

A collection of student's work

Progress Monitoring

Observing or testing a student's progress and evaluating the instructional techniques. Goals are established and measured on a regular basis and instruction is adjusted as needed.

Reading Miscue Inventory

(Running Records) a teacher records a child's reading behavior, noting miscues, self-corrections, substitutions, omissions, etc. Often used to determine advanced, instructional and frustration level of texts.

Reliability

The dependability of a test, referring to its consistency of outcomes

Screening Assessment

Given at the beginning of the school year to determine student's reading level

Spelling Inventory

Survey designed to help a teacher determine a student's spelling (orthographic instructional needs

Summative Assessment

Assessment that is comprehensive in nature

Validity

The extent to which a test measures what it was intended to measure

Alphabetic Principle

The concept that letters and letter combinations represent individual phonemes

Auditory Discrimination Skills

The ability to detect differences in sounds

Awareness of Print

Understanding the print has different functions depending on the context in which it appears

Blends

Two or more consecutive consonants which retain their individual sounds

Ex: "bl" in block

Concept of Print

The idea that print must be ordered and arranged systematically to communicate meaning effectively

Digraphs

Two consecutive consonants that represent one phoneme

Diphthong

A vowel produced by the tongue shifting positions during articulation

Direct Instruction

The teacher defines and teaches a concept, guides students through its application, and arranges for extended guided practice until mastery is achieved

Explicit instruction

The teacher's language is concise specific and related to the objective. Systematic instruction that involves teacher modeling and explanation then application and independent practice

Grapheme

A letter or letter combination that spells a phoneme

Implicit Strategy

Not directly stated in the text, but may be inferred from the text

Letter-Sound Correspondence

A phoneme associated with a letter

Morpheme

The smallest meaningful unit of language

Onset and rime

In a syllable, the onset is the initial consonant(s) and the rime is the vowel and any consonants that follow

Ex: Sat has the onset "s" and the rime "at"

Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound within out language system

Phonics

A system of teaching reading and spelling that focuses on sound, syllable and letter relationships

Phonemic Awareness

The ability to notice, think about and manipulate the individual phonemes in words

Phonological Awareness

Covers a range of understandings related to sounds of words and word parts, including identifying and manipulating larger parts of spoken language

Phonological Processing

Involves detecting and discriminating the differences in phonemes under conditions of little or no distraction of distortion

Semantics

The study of the development and change of the meanings of speech forms

Structural Analysis

Where words are broken down into their base components and affix components

Syntax

The word order pattern in sentences (whether a sentence sounds right)

Automaticity

Refers to any skilled and complex behavior that can be performed to reading rather easily with little conscious awareness.

Concept Map

Visual framework for organizing conceptual information in the process of defining a word or concept

Fluency

Ability quickly accurately and with proper expression

Phrasing

Breaking down bodies of writing into parts and then reading these parts literally

Prosody

Reading with expression, proper intonation and phrasing

Semantic Map

Portrays the relations that compose a concept, a strategy for graphically representing concepts

Structural Analysis Skills

A procedure for teaching students to read words formed with prefixes, suffixes or other meaningful word parts

Interactive Reading

A process where students interact with a text before during and after reading as they actively construct meaning from the text

Before Reading Strategies

Includes activating prior knowledge, previewing a text, setting a purpose for reading and making predictions

During Reading Strategies

Includes modeling the thought process, making inferences, constructing mental images, monitoring comprehension, asking questions and making connections within texts

After Reading Strategies

Includes summarizing, retelling, confirming predications, evaluation, connection and comparison across text

Scaffolding

Temporary guidance and assistance enabling a student to perform a task they would not otherwise perform on their own, with a goal of student improvement and independence

Schema

Knowledge and experience a reader brings to the text

Synthesizing

The cognitive process of connecting and merging ideas from different parts of the same text or across different texts

Text Features

Elements of a text the give additional information to the reader

Includes: charts, diagrams, headings, captions, etc.

Text Structure/Organizational Structure

The various patterns of ideas that are embedded in the organization of text

Includes: cause and effect, comparison, sequencing, etc.