AP Lab Final - Additional Notes

A: Production of gametes, fertilization, development and nourishment of new individuals, production of sex hormones.

Q: What are the four functions of the reproductive system?

A: Sex cells.

Q: What are gametes?

A: Sperm.

Q: What are the male gametes?

A: Oocytes (eggs).

Q: What are the female gametes?

A: A special type of cell division that forms sex cells (gametes).

Q: What is meiosis?

A: 23 chromosomes.

Q: How many chromosomes does each sperm cell and oocyte contain?

A: Union of sperm and oocyte.

Q: What is fertilization?

A: A cell formed after fertilization that develops into an embryo 3–14 days after fertilization.

Q: What is a zygote?

A: 14–56 days after fertilization.

Q: When is the embryo stage?

A: 56 days after fertilization.

Q: When is the fetus stage?

A: Produce sperm, produce male sex hormones, transfer sperm to female.

Q: What are the three functions of the male reproductive system?

A: Testes and dartos muscle.

Q: What does the scrotum contain?

A: Moves scrotum/testes closer or farther from body depending on temperature.

Q: What is the function of the dartos muscle?

A: Optimal sperm development requires cooler temperatures.

Q: Why must sperm develop at a temperature lower than body temperature?

A: Primary male reproductive organs located in the scrotum.

Q: What are the testes?

A: Sperm.

Q: What is produced by the testes?

A: Produce sperm.

Q: What do seminiferous tubules do?

A: Secrete testosterone.

Q: What do interstitial cells do?

A: Early-stage sperm cells.

Q: What are germ cells?

A: Nourish germ cells and produce hormones.

Q: What do sustentacular cells do?

A: Thread-like tubules on the side of each testis.

Q: What is the epididymis?

A: New sperm enter from seminiferous tubules; sperm mature, develop ability to swim and bind oocytes.

Q: What happens in the epididymis?

A: Tube extending from epididymis to seminal vesicle.

Q: What is the ductus deferens?

A: Vasectomy.

Q: What procedure cuts the ductus deferens?

A: Passageway from bladder to end of penis for urine and reproductive fluids (not simultaneously).

Q: What is the male urethra?

A: Corpus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum, spongy urethra.

Q: What tissues make up the penis?

A: Fill with blood to produce erection.

Q: What do erectile tissues do?

A: Transfer sperm to female, excrete urine.

Q: What are two functions of the penis?

A: Join ductus deferens; produce secretions including fructose, prostaglandins, coagulants.

Q: What do seminal vesicles do?

A: Provides energy for sperm.

Q: What does fructose do in semen?

A: Decrease mucus thickness around cervix and uterine tubes; help sperm movement.

Q: What do prostaglandins do?

A: Help deliver semen into female reproductive tract.

Q: What do coagulants in semen do?

A: Urethra.

Q: What does the prostate gland surround?

A: Enzymes that liquefy semen and substances that neutralize vaginal acidity.

Q: What does the prostate gland secrete?

A: Mucus to neutralize acidity of male urethra and female vagina.

Q: What does the bulbourethral gland secrete?

A: Mixture of sperm and gland secretions; provides medium and nutrients for sperm.

Q: What is semen?

A: 60%.

Q: What percentage of semen comes from seminal vesicles?

A: 30%.

Q: What percentage comes of semen from the prostate gland?

A: 5%.

Q: What percentage of semen comes from bulbourethral glands?

A: 5%.

What percentage of semen comes from testes?

A: 2–5 mL.

Q: How much semen is ejaculated each time?

A: ~100 million.

Q: How many sperm per mL of semen?

A: Up to 72 hours.

Q: How long can sperm survive inside female?

A: Seminiferous tubules → epididymis → ductus deferens → receive gland secretions → urethra → exit body.

Q: What is the path of sperm?

A: Formation of sperm cells; begins at puberty.

Q: What is spermatogenesis?

A: Increase in number and size.

Q: What happens to interstitial cells at puberty?

A: They enlarge and begin producing germ cells and sustentacular cells.

Q: What happens to seminiferous tubules at puberty?

A: Germ cells → spermatogonia → primary spermatocytes → secondary spermatocytes → spermatids → sperm cells.

Q: What is the order of sperm cell formation?

A: Nucleus and DNA.

Q: What is in the head of a sperm cell?

A: Mitochondria.

Q: What is in the sperm midpiece?

A: Movement (flagellum).

Q: What is the function of the sperm tail?

A: From hypothalamus; stimulates LH and FSH secretion.

Q: What does GnRH do and where is it from?

A: Stimulates testosterone secretion.

Q: What does LH do in males?

A: Promotes spermatogenesis.

Q: What does FSH do in males?

A: Interstitial cells in testes.

Q: Where is testosterone produced?

A: Sequence of events in which a boy begins producing hormones and sperm.

Q: What is male puberty?

A: Begins 12–14, ends around 18.

Q: When does male puberty occur?

A: Testosterone.

Q: What is the major male hormone?

A: Skin texture changes, fat distribution, hair growth, skeletal muscle growth, larynx enlargement.

Q: Give examples of secondary male sexual characteristics.

A: Produce oocytes, produce hormones, receive sperm, develop and nourish embryos.

Q: What are the functions of the female reproductive system?

A: External female sex organs.

Q: What is the vulva?

A: Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule.

Q: What structures are included in the vulva?

A: Fatty area covering pubic symphysis.

Q: What is the mons pubis?

A: Outer folds of skin; equivalent to male scrotum.

Q: What are labia majora?

A: Thin inner folds of skin.

Q: What are labia minora?

A: Small erectile structure; equivalent to male penis.

Q: What is the clitoris?

A: Area where labia minora unite over clitoris.

Q: What is the prepuce in females?

A: Space containing openings of vagina and urethra.

Q: What is the vestibule?

A: Primary female reproductive organs that produce oocytes and hormones.

Q: What are the ovaries?

A: Anchor ovaries to uterus.

Q: What do ovarian ligaments do?

A: Anchor ovaries to pelvic cavity.

Q: What do suspensory ligaments do?

A: Structures containing oocytes.

Q: What are ovarian follicles?