Unit 2.11 End Quiz

Why do bone, muscle, and skin cells look different?

Because different genes are active in each type of cell.

What is a group of related prokaryotic genes regulated together called?

Operon.

Why is eukaryotic gene regulation more complex than prokaryotic?

Because eukaryotic cells are specialized in multicellular organisms.

Why did bacteria produce a useless, overly long protein from a eukaryotic gene?

Because mRNA was not spliced as it is in eukaryotes

How does DNA packing prevent gene expression?

Tightly packed DNA blocks access to transcription machinery.

What shows that differentiated cells retain full genetic potential?

Cloning (a mature cell can create a whole organism).

What is the most common animal cloning procedure?

Nuclear transplantation (SCNT).

What does a DNA microarray tell you?

Which genes are being expressed in a cell.

What is the major difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells?

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent; adult stem cells are multipotent.

Name three sources of stem cells.

Embryos, bone marrow (adult tissues), umbilical cord blood.

Difference between oncogenes and proto-oncogenes?

Proto-oncogenes are normal genes involved in the control of the cell cycle. Mutations or viruses can cause them to be converted to oncogenes, or cancer causing genes. Necessary for normal cell division

How can one gene mutation cause a major body change, and what are these genes called?

Mutation in master control (homeotic) genes can alter whole body structures.

Changing the shape of the lac depressor affects how the repressor acts

The relationship of structure to function: The ability of any protein (such as the repressor) to act (function) depends upon its precise shape (form).

A cell can produce and secrete chemicals, such as hormones, that affect gene regulation in another cell

Interactions with biological systems: The endocrine system secretes hormones that interact with nearly every cell in the body

Master control genes regulate other gene that determine what body parts will develop in which locations

Information flow: The proteins produced by master control genes communicate information to other cells about their developmental fate