One Health & The Animal-Human Interface Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering the principles of One Health, the role of veterinarians, disease surveillance examples, zoonoses, and the mechanics of spillover events.

What is the core definition of the One Health approach?

A collaborative approach recognising the connection between human health, animal health, and environmental health to achieve the best outcomes for all three.

Which three global organisations form the One Health partnership?

The World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH).

What percentage of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are estimated to originate from animals?

$$75\%$$

According to the West Nile Virus and Avian Influenza examples, what is a key lesson regarding animal surveillance?

Animals often show signs of disease before humans do; therefore, early animal surveillance protects human health.

In the 2024 Texas Avian Influenza outbreak in dairy cattle, what served as a mechanical vector for the virus?

Milking machines

What are the five main roles of veterinarians in One Health?

Disease Surveillance, Zoonosis Control, Antimicrobial Stewardship, Food Safety, and Environmental Health.

Why is antimicrobial resistance (AMR) considered a classic One Health example?

Resistance can spread between humans, animals, and the environment, requiring collaboration between doctors, vets, scientists, and governments.

What success was achieved in the UK livestock industry regarding antibiotic use since $2011$?

An approximately $52\%$ reduction in antibiotic use.

What is the definition of a zoonosis?

A disease transmitted between animals and humans.

What are the clinical signs of Leptospirosis in cattle compared to the name given to the infection in humans?

In cattle, it causes abortion, poor fertility, and 'flabby bag'; in humans, it is known as 'Milkman's Fever'.

What are the five types of Animal-Human Interface mentioned in the notes?

Direct Contact, Food Chain, Vector-Borne, Environmental Exposure, and Wildlife-Livestock Contact.

What does the term 'spillover' refer to in epidemiology?

When a pathogen jumps from its normal host species into another species.

Differentiate between a Reservoir Host, an Amplifying Host, and a Dead-End Host.

A Reservoir Host is where the pathogen normally lives; an Amplifying Host increases pathogen numbers significantly; a Dead-End Host becomes infected but usually does not transmit the infection further.

What five factors increase the risk of a spillover event?

High host density, stress/immunosuppression, habitat disruption, high contact rates, and poor biosecurity.

List the drivers of disease emergence identified as important for exams.

Deforestation, land-use change, wildlife trade, intensive farming, climate change, and AMR.

What are the potential environmental and health risks associated with aquaculture in the context of One Health?

Habitat destruction, high carbon emissions, and antibiotic overuse.