DCUSH 9.1-9.3 vocab

De jure segregation

legal separation of the races

De facto segregation

a separation of the races that exists because of social patterns rather than the enforcement of laws

Thurgood Marshall

became counsel for the NAACP in 1938 and won 29 of the 32 major civil rights cases he argued over the next 23 years

Earl Warren

served three terms as governor of California before serving as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1953 to 1969.

Orval Faubus

was the governor of Arkansas from 1954 to 1967. He is best known for ordering the Arkansas National Guard to block nine African American students from entering Little Rock Central High School in 1957

Civil Rights Act of 1957

law that established a federal Civil Rights Commission to investigate violations of civil rights

Rosa Parks

began the Montgomery bus protest in 1955 when she refused to give up her seat to a white passenger

Martin Luther King Jr.

advocated nonviolent methods of protest while becoming perhaps the most influential leader of the civil right movement

Sit-in

form of protest during which participants sit and refuse to move

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

grassroots movement founded in 1960 by young civil rights activists

"Freedom ride"

to challenge segregation on interstate buses and bus terminals

James Meredith

attended an all-Black college before becoming the first Black student at the University of Mississippi in 1962

Medgar Evers

became the NAACP's first field secretary in Mississippi in 1954. He traveled the state recruiting members and organized voter-registration drives, demonstrations, and boycotts of companies that practiced discrimination

George Wallace

served as governor of Alabama from 1963 to 1967. He ran for president in 1968 on the American Independent Party ticket, championing states rights and winning five southern states in the election

March on Washington

1963 demonstration in which more than 200,000 people rallied for economic equality and civil rights

Filibuster

tactic by which senators give long speeches to hold up legislative business

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination in public places and employment based on race, religion, or national origin

Freedom Summer

1964 effort to register African American voters in Mississippi

Voting Rights Act

law that banned literacy tests and empowered the federal government to oversee voter registration

Twenty-fourth Amendment

constitutional amendment that banned the poll tax as a voting requirement

Kerner Commission

group set up to investigate the causes of race riots in American cities in the 1960s

Malcolm X

served as a spokesman and minister for the Nation of Islam. His work helped the Nation of Islam, which had only 400 members when he was released from prison in 1952

Nation of Islam

African American religious organization founded in 1930 that advocated separation of the races

Black Power

a social movement that called for African American power and independence

Black Panthers

organization of militant African Americans founded in 1966

Lester Maddox

was born in Atlanta, Georgia. A high school dropout, he ran a restaurant in the city from 1947 to 1964

Affirmative Action

policy that gives special consideration to women and minorities to make up for past discrimination