Final Exam (new terms)

Lysander

A Spartan admiral who played a crucial role in the final stages of the Peloponnesian War, leading the Spartan navy to victory at the Battle of Aegospotami.

Aegospotami

The site of a decisive naval battle in 405 BC, where the Spartan navy defeated the Athenian fleet, effectively ending the Peloponnesian War.

Decharchies

Temporary oligarchic governments set up by Spartan forces in various cities in the Greek world, particularly after the end of the Peloponnesian War.

Critias

A prominent leader of the Thirty Tyrants in Athens, a group that ruled over the city after its defeat in the Peloponnesian War.

Thirty Tyrants

An oligarchic government imposed by Sparta on Athens after the Peloponnesian War, characterized by brutal rule and significant political repression.

Thrasybulus

A democratic leader in Athens who played a key role in overthrowing the Thirty Tyrants and restoring democracy.

Socrates

An ancient Greek philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, known for his Socratic method of questioning.

Plato

A student of Socrates and a foundational figure in Western philosophy, known for his works on ethics, politics, and metaphysics.

Corinthian War

A conflict between Sparta and a coalition of Athens, Thebes, and Corinth from 395 to 387 BC, marked by shifting alliances and battles.

Boeotian League

A confederation of city-states in ancient Boeotia, known for its rivalry with Athens and Sparta.

Theban Hegemony

The period during the 4th century BC when Thebes emerged as a dominant power in Greece, particularly under the leadership of Epaminondas.

Sacred Band

An elite military unit of the Theban army composed of 150 pairs of male lovers, known for their bravery and effectiveness.

Battle of Leuctra

A pivotal battle in 371 BC where the Theban army, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans, marking the rise of Theban power.

The King’s Peace

A peace treaty established in 387 BC, mediated by Persia, that ended the Corinthian War and recognized the independence of various Greek city-states.

Epaminondas

A Theban general and statesman who played a key role in the rise of Thebes and the defeat of Sparta at the Battle of Leuctra.

Ethnē

Referring to the various ethnic groups or tribes in ancient Greece and their political entities.

Hetairoi

The term refers to the royal companions or cavalrymen of the Macedonian kings, particularly under Philip II and Alexander the Great.

Argead / Temenid Dynasty

The royal dynasty of Macedonia, known for its leadership and the notable rulers Philip II and Alexander the Great.

Royal Hunts

Events organized by kings, particularly among the Macedonian royalty, often used to demonstrate power and prowess.

Vergina

An archaeological site in Northern Greece, recognized as the site of the ancient capital of Macedonia and the burial site of King Philip II.

Pella

The ancient capital of Macedonia, famous for its significant archaeological remains and as the birthplace of Alexander the Great.

Philip II

The king of Macedonia who united the Greek city-states under Macedonian hegemony and father of Alexander the Great.

Isocrates

An ancient Greek rhetorician and philosopher who influenced political thought and emphasized the importance of rhetorical education.

Sarissa

A long spear used by the Macedonian phalanx, pivotal in the military innovations of Philip II and Alexander the Great.

Demosthenes

An Athenian statesman and orator who opposed Philip II of Macedonia and advocated for Athenian democracy.

Amphipolis

An ancient city in Macedonia, strategically located near the Strymon River, significant in various historical conflicts.

Olynthos

An important city in ancient Chalkidike, known for its role in the conflicts between Athens and Macedonia.

Peace of Philocrates

A peace treaty in 346 BC between Macedonia and Athens that temporarily eased tensions but failed to achieve lasting stability.

Chaeronea

The site of a major battle in 338 BC where the Macedonian army, led by Philip II, defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes.