Chemistry: Reaction Rates, Equilibrium, and Acid-Base Concepts

What factors affect the rate of reaction?

Surface area, concentration of reactants, use of catalysts, temperature, and pressure.

What is the Haber process equation?

N₂ (g) + 3 H₂ (g) ⇌ 2 NH₃ (g) at 200 atm and 450°C.

catalyst in habers process

iron

What type of reaction is the forward reaction in the Haber process?

Exothermic.

What is Le Chatelier's principle?

When a change is made to the conditions of a system at equilibrium, the system moves to oppose that change.

hydrated copper sulfate to anhydrous

blue to white

hydrated cobalt chloride to anhydrous

pink to blue

How does increasing temperature affect the equilibrium of an exothermic reaction?

It shifts the equilibrium to the left, favoring the reactants.

How does increasing pressure affect equilibrium?

It shifts equilibrium to the side with fewer moles of gas.

What happens to equilibrium when the concentration of a substance on the right is increased?

It shifts equilibrium to the right.

What is the Contact process for producing sulfur trioxide?

S (g) + O₂ (g) ⇌ SO₃ (g) at 450°C and 2 atm with V₂O₅ catalyst.

so3 + h2so4

h2s2o7

What is the general formula for fertilizers based on nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium?

N:P:K = 21:8:11.

ammonium nitrate

nh4no3

ammonium sulfate

(NH4)2SO4

Urea

CO(NH2)2

combustion

a chemical reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen and the reaction is endothermic

What is the definition of oxidation and reduction in redox reactions?

Oxidation is the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons.

what are acids

have h+ ions, proton donors

which oxides are acidic and which are basic

nonmetal = acidic, metal = basic

What is a strong acid?

An acid that fully dissociates in solution, such as HCl, H₂SO₄, and HNO₃.

What is a weak acid?

An acid that partially dissociates in solution, such as CH₃COOH.

what is a base

proton acceptor, have OH- ions

What are amphoteric compounds?

Compounds that can act as both acids and bases, such as ZnO and Al₂O₃.

What is the pH scale?

A scale that measures the acidity or basicity of a solution, with lower values being acidic and higher values being basic.

What is the reaction of an acid with a base?

Acid + Base → Salt + Water.

What is the reaction of a metal with an acid?

Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen.

What is the reaction of an acid with a carbonate?

Acid + Carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide.

What are the solubility rules for common ions?

Sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts are soluble; nitrates are soluble; most chlorides are soluble except silver and lead; most sulfates are soluble except barium, lead, and calcium; most carbonates are insoluble except sodium, potassium, and ammonium.

What color does thymolphthalein turn in a base?

Blue.

What color does methyl orange turn in an acid and a base?

Red in acid and yellow in base.

What color does phenolphthalein turn in a base?

Pink.