M5 (1): Microbial/Molecular Biology

Binary Fission

The process by which bacterial replicate?

Binary Fission

A way to pass the same genetic information/DNA from one prokaryotic/bacterial cell into two cells.

The process by which bacterial replicate

What is Binary Fission?

They lack genetic variation

What is the primary problem with prokaryotic binary fission?

Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction

What are the three ways/processes used by prokaryotes in order to diversity/gain genetic variation

F positive

It is a bacterial cell that contain the fertility factor

Fertility Factor

What does the F positive bacteria contain that the F negative bacteria does not?

Ability to produce sex pilus

What is the fertility factor?

Circular Chromosomal DNA and Plasmid

What are the two significant structure in an F positive bacteria?

Plasmid

Where in the F positive bacteria is the ‘fertility factor’ genetic sequence located?

Plasmid 

It serves as extra chromosomal DNA for a bacteria.

Plasmid

It has different genes which when transcribed makes different proteins, including the protein tube that connects one F positive bacterial cell to an F negative bacterial cell.

Sex Pilus or Mating bridge

The protein tube that connects two bacterial cells together

Sex Pilus or Mating Bridge

This tube is made from proteins/are proteins where DNA is passed from one cell to another

Pilus from F positive bacteria ensnare F negative bacteria. A mating bridge is formed, the plasmid undoes DNA replication, the plasmid transfer from the F positive to F negative. Final product are two F positive bacterial cells

Explain F+ and F- Conjugation briefly. 

Genetic material from the plasmid fuses with Chromosomal DNA to produce the Hfr cell. Pilus from the Hfr cell ensnare F negative bacteria. A mating bridge is formed, genetic information from the Hfr cell transfers to F negative.

Explain Hfr to F negative Conjugation briefly.

Bacterial genetic variation and enables Antibiotic resistance

Give two reasons why conjugation is significant

Beta-Lactemase

A plasmid may contain a genetic sequence to produce this protein which enables antibiotic resistance

Plasmid 

Where is the genetic sequence for the protein Beta-Lactamase located?

Transformation

This is when DNA material from a “harmful” bacteria leaks out into extra cellular space and a “harmless” bacteria incorporates this free flowing genetic material.

Naked DNA

The term used to describe free flowing genetic information in extra cellular space

It may enable it so produce harmful proteins like exotoxins

What does this incorporation of genetic material from the ‘harmful” bacteria do to the “harmless” bacteria?

Pnumonia, Influenza B, Meningitis

Give some examples of bacteria that can undergo the process of transformation

Transduction

When a vector in the form of a bacteriophage infects a bacterial host to insert genetic information

Bacteriophage 

Is a virus that contain DNA or RNA that infects bacterial hosts

Injects it

What does the bacteriophage do to its genetic information once attached to the bacterial host?

The phage DNA produces particular proteins that helps it reproduce its DNA, make capsids, and segment bacterial chromosomal DNA

In generalized transduction, what is the effect of this newly introduced phage DNA to the bacterial host?

Capsids

It is like the lining of the bacteriophage, and is produced by the phage DNA inside the bacterial host

Lyses

Is the process where the bacteria pops open after being infected by phage DNA

DNA is incorporated

What happens when a bacteriophage carrying bacterial chromosomal DNA infects a different bacterial host?

Specialized Transduction

This is a type of transduction where the viral DNA is directly integrated into the chromosomal DNA of the host bacteria after being injected by the bacteriophage

Specialized produces bacteriophages with a hybrid mix of genetic material from both phage DNA and bacterial DNA. Generalized packages them separately.

What is the difference between generalized and specialized transduction when it comes to their final output?