propedeutics small animals- skin and coat

labrador retriever, poodle, cocker spaniel, bulldog, boxer, husky

what dog breeds are susceptible to allergies?

young animals

which animals are more prone to demodex?

old animals

which animals are more prone to tumors and hormonal imbalances?

squamous cell carcinoma

white cats are more prone to what skin problem?

alopecia

what skin/coat issue does Cushing's cause?

itching

what does pruritus mean?

while the animal is eating or wakes up just to itch

pruritus (itching) is concerning under which circumstances?

-pruritus level

-if the owner uses ectoparasite control

-environment and travel (some areas are more prone to certain parasites)

-progression

-diet (some allergies are caused by food)

-how often the animal is bathed

what is important to know regarding skin/coat when performing an anamnesis?

allergies

parasites

what can be causes of pruritus?

alopecia, scabs, bleeding, color changes, necrosis

severe pruritus can cause....

skin inflammation and infection (pyoderma)

chronic pruritus may lead to....

red, damaged areas of the skin

pruritus is often accompanied by...

condition where the sebaceous glands produce an excessive amount of sebum.

it causes scaly, flaky, itchy, red skin, especially in the back, face, flanks, and skin folds.

what is seborrhea/seborrheic dermatitis?

seborrhea sicca- dry

seborrhea oleosa- oily

most dogs have a combination

what are the 2 types of seborrhea?

seborrhea oleosa

what is this?

seborrhea sicca

what is this?

abnormal dark coloration of the skin due to increased melanin production (bc of hormones, chronic inflammation, endocrine alopeciea). it is also called hyperpigmentation.

what is hypermelanosis?

hypermelanosis

what is this called?

hypermelanosis + alopecia

what do we call this?

it is the lack of melanin

if it is generalized, this is albinism.

if it is local, it is vitiligo

what is hypomelanosis?

generalized hypomelanosis

what is albinism?

local hypomelanosis

what is vitiligo?

vitiligo

what is this discoloration called?

vitiligo

what is this called?

albinism

(generalized hypomelanosis)

what is this called?

petechia/ecchymosis

what are these red dots?

an accumulation of blood in the subcutis

what is a hematoma?

hematomas

what is this?

elongated blood spots that follow the path of vessels

what is vibices?

hot- inflammation

cold- circulatory or lymphatic disorder

a hot edema indicates ______, while a cold edema indicates _______

edema

what is this?

edema

what is this?

accumulation of air in the subcutaneous tissue

caused by infection or trauma

what is subcutaneous emphysema

subcutaneous emphysema

what is this problem called?

subcutaneous emphysema

what is this problem called?

subcutaneous emphysema

what is this problem called?

primary- due to specific cause on previously healthy skin (macule, papule, nodule, tumor, vesicle, pustule, abscess, cyst)

secondary- the consequence of a primary lesion, indicating chronicity (scales, crusts, excoriation, erosion, ulcer, keloid, scars)

what is the difference between primary and secondary skin lesions?

papules

what is this called?

unelevated color changes in the skin less than 1cm

what is a macule?

unelevated color changes in the skin more than 1cm

what are patches?

small- macule

large- patches

unelevated color changes in the skin are called...

a solid, firm, raised area of skin, smaller than 1 cm. caused by local irritation due to infection, parasite, or allergy

what is a papule?

papules

what are these?

patches- large dark areas

macules- small dark areas

what is this?

vesicle

what is this?

cyst

what is this?

abscess

what is this?

pustules

what are these?

pus filled lesions, smaller than 1cm.

usually contain neutrophils

what are pustules?

pustules

small, pus filled lesions are called...

abscess

when it ruptures, it is called a fistula

a large accumulation of pus is called...

a large accumulation of pus

what is an abcess?

a ruptured abscess

what is a fistula?

fluid filled lesions with a clear, non-purulent fluid

what are vesicles?

vesicles

clear, non-purulent fluid filled lesions are called...

a hollow space within tissues that contains either liquid or solid material.

the content can be natural body secretions or abnormal breakdown products

what is a cyst?

an abscess is filled with pus, and a cyst is semi-solid (can be filled with anything)

what is the difference between an abscess and a cyst?

hives

what is this called?

raised lesions larger than 1 cm. it is an accumulation of inflammatory or neoplastic cells, involving the epidermis and dermis

what are nodules?

a neoplastic or benign mass.

can affect epidermis, dermis, and subcutis

what is a tumor?

with a biopsy

how can we differentiate a tumor and a nodule?

elevations of the skin that appear and disappear suddenly

what are hives?

a tumor or a nodule

differentiated with a biopsy

what is this?

top layers of the epidermis are damaged or lost, but the basement membrane is unaffected

what is an erosion?

loss of the outer skin layers from scratching or rubbing

what is a excoriation?

a loss of dermal tissue that affects the epidermis, dermis, and subcutis

what is an ulcer?

split in all of the epidermal layers, caused by the loss of elasticity.

common in foot pads and nose

what is a fissure? in what tissues it is common?

erosion

what is 1?

2

which is an excoriation?

3

which is an ulcer?

fissure

what is 4 called?

a compact portion of desquamating statum corneum.

what is a scale?

crusts

what are these called?

an accumulation of skin cells, exudate, medication, or other material on the skin

what is a crust?

scales arranged in a circle

what is an epidermal collarete?

epidermal collarete

what is this?

a dilated hair follice with an accumulation of keranocytes, sebum, or germs

what is a comedo?

comedos

what are these?

scales

what are these?

macule

what is this?

abscess

what is this?

vesicle

what is this?

hives

what is this called?

pustule

what is this?

pustule

what is 1?

pustule

what is 2?

comedo

what is 3?

comedos

what is this?

ulcer

what is this?

crust

what is 1?

scale

what is 2?

endocrinopathies, dermatophytosis, demodicosis, immune mediated disease, or pattern alopecia

usually it is cushing's syndrome

if an owner brings in an animal for a skin problem, but it is not pruritic, what are possible problems?

allergy, hypersensitivity

if a patient is pruritic, but there are no ectoparasites or skin lesions visible, what is probably the problem?

direct impression

indirect impression

acetate tape

what are ways we can get a sample for testing?

placing a slide directly on a ruptured pustule, moist skin, or exudate.

what is a direct impression smear?

collecting material with a blade, swab, or other instrument and placing it on a slide. this is useful for places that are difficult to get samples from

what is an indirect impression smear?

firmly pressing clear adhesive tape against a lesion, for dry, scaly lesions

what is an acetate tape preparation?

plucking hairs from an alopecic or hypotrichotic lesion, placing them in a drop of mineral oil on a glass slide, and adding a cover slide and evaluating it microscopically. this is for identifying lice, mites, and dermatophytes

what is a trichogram? what is it for?

trichogram

what type of sampling do we use to identify mites, lice, and dermatophytes?

direct impression smear

what type of sampling do we use for a ruptured pustule, exudate, or moist skin?